Development Flashcards
Understand the difference between developed countries and developing countries. Find out indicators for you to know if a country is developed or developing.
What are the five factors/statistics that are usually considered by the United Nations to determine development?
GDP (Gross Domestic Product)
Life expectancy
Literacy rate
Education
Healthcare System
A ______ country, industrialised ____, more _____________ or more economically ___________ (MEDC), is a sovereign state that has a ______ economy and advanced ______________ relative to other less industrialised nations.
A developed country, industrialised country, more developed country or more economically developed country (MEDC), is a sovereign state that has a developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialised nations.
What is a developing country and how do you know whether a country is developing?
— Usually refers to countries with low levels of economic development
- Developing countries do not have a level of industry that will support their populations and have a low standard of living. They almost have low incomes yet high populations (generally).
Few secondary and tertiary industries, low standard of living and low income but large population.
What is the difference between GNI and GDP?
GDP is something occurring within a country.
GDP is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.
GDP per capita can be calculated/arrived by the following:
Consumption + investment + government spending + (exports- imports)
GNI measures the exports overseas as well. It is a more accurate form of measurement than GDP however, there is still income disparity and GNI is not comprehensive and completely an indicator of a country’s development.
GNI includes good + services produced within a country e.g. Singapore as well as goods and services produced overseas but the income flows back to the country.
What is the difference between life expectancy and life expectancy at birth?
Life Expectancy at Birth
Definition: The average number of years a newborn is expected to live if current mortality rates remain constant throughout their lifetime.
Context: This is a projection based on the mortality patterns at the time of birth. It reflects the overall health and living conditions in a society.
Key Points:
Includes the impact of infant and child mortality rates.
Affected by healthcare quality, sanitation, nutrition, and public health measures.
- Life Expectancy (General)
Definition: The average number of additional years a person of a specific age is expected to live, based on the current mortality rates for their cohort.
Context: It can be calculated for any age, not just at birth (e.g., life expectancy at age 60).
Key Points:
Excludes early-life mortality factors, making it higher than life expectancy at birth for older age groups.
Provides insights into the longevity of people who have already survived certain life stages.
What is the meaning of Gross Domestic Product?
GDP is something occurring within a country.
GDP is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.
GDP per capita can be calculated/arrived by the following:
Consumption + investment + government spending + (exports- imports)
What are the indicators of development?
Transport—> convenience
Housing
Healthcare
Technology
Economics (GDP)
Education
Politics
GNI
Life expectancy
What are indicators?
Things and aspects that meets the needs of people that show the level of development of a country. Indicators forms of measure/ determinants or methods that measure. Indicators are useful for comparison,
What is a holistic form of measurement?
Human development Index
Why is GNI per capital per person part of Human Development Index (the pros)?
average income of a citizen implies that the standard of living is good.
High GNI does not mean that everyone is rich
SG—> GNI—> US $118,710
- convenient way to tell you about the economic development of a country (2023)
Convenient way to tell you something about the country’s development —> generalisations
What is the disadvantages of GNI as a form of measurement of a country’s development?
there is a limitation
It is not comprehensive and does not reflect the income disparity (the more rich people you have, the more it distorts it. Skew it the average will not be comprehensive.
Why is the education aspect part of the human development index?
Schooling (education) infers the social development development of a country since it tells you the level of education of the population, implying whether the locals have critical thinking skills and whether they can make better decisions. Schooling also infers the economic development of a country as it suggests the quality of the workers (their education, skills, the kinds of industry they are in) and the income may be altered by one’s education and the income of a whole country earned by the citizens can then suggests the level of economic development.
The higher the level of development of a country, the more people are there in tertiary and quaternary industries as compared to primary and secondary industries.
Why is the life expectancy value aspect part of a measurement for the Human Development Index?
The life expectancy at birth infers the social-economic development because if the life expectancy at birth is higher, it means that more people will live for a longer period of time which can imply that the level of healthcare is high. High life expectancy at birth also suggest that the standard of living and quality of life increases and that more people will be able to work in the workforce, ensuring a continuous economic development.
It may also imply that the people have a better diet. For example, people from lower social-economic development may consume just instant noodles which is unhealthy, resulting in a lower life expectancy at birth.
The higher the Human Development Index, the better it is. True or False?
True.
What is the optimum or highest human development index possible?
1
What is considered very high level of human development?
Provide some examples.
0.8 and above
Some examples include:
Singapore
South Korea
US
Japan
Russia
What is considered high development of human development?
Provide some examples.
0.7 to 0.799
Some examples include:
China
Mexico
Brazil
Ukraine
South Africa
What is considered medium development of human development?
Provide some examples.
0.550 to 0.699
Some examples include:
Bangladesh, India
What is considered low development of human development?
Provide some examples
less than 0.550
Some examples include:
Nigeria
Ethiopia
DR Congo
What is a scatter graph?
A scatter graph contains the axes, independent and dependent variable, where x is the independent variable and y is the dependent variable.
Is scatter graph a line or bar graph? What is it meant for and uses to? What is it not meant for?
It is neither a line nor bar graph. A scatter graph is meant to plot dots. It is not meant to explain causes and effects or relationship. Scatter graph is used to find out if there is a correlation but not necessarily so.
How can you find out if there is a correlation in the scatter graph based on the plotted data?
By drawing a best fit line
A positive correlation is a linear line (upwards) from left to right.
A negative correlation is a linear line (downwards) from left to right.
Sometimes a scatter graph does not have a correlation
Is Singapore a developed country?
A country can be developing in some aspects but still developing in other aspects thus it varies from aspect to aspect and from organisation to organisation. It can be argued that Singapore is a developed country or still a developing country.
For e.g.
SG is a developing country in International Trade law and International Climate Change law
SG is vulnerable to the Global’s situation such as war as it can affect trade etc.
VN- Economy— by GNI, High Income developing economy —> Singapore is considered a developed country.
Each of the plot of data on a scatter graph may ____ necessarily be due to the independent variable which in turn affect the dependent variable. It can also be due to the _______ and _________.
Each of the plot of data on a scatter graph may not necessarily be due to the independent variable which in turn affect the dependent variable. It can also be due to the context and culture. For e.g. the GDP of a country may be high (the independent variable), however its life expectancy at birth is low (dependent variable) due to the effects caused by war and suffering etc.
How should you describe the correlation of a scatter graph?
When describing a correlation of a scatter graph, you should take note by starting from it SUGGEST that the higher/lower the (independent variable), the higher/lower the (dependent variable).
For e.g.
Apparently, it suggests that the higher the GDP of capita, the higher the life expectancy at birth.
So basically start with saying the independent variable first before the dependent variable.
What is the definition of development?
There is no real/fixed definition, but you can refer to the following keywords and concepts to phrase your answer.
Keywords of the definition:
Change for the better
Quality of life
Purpose
Process
Progress
How you define development is also based on your agenda? (For e.g. if you are the government you would want to …. While if you are an organisation, technological company etc …)
What holds true about the definition is that
There is an outcome and a purpose for development.
And that purpose of development is for progress, for the better and to improve the quality of life. Ultimately with the hope of improving the lives of people, which is social well-being.
Is it possible that instead of developing better, a country’s development decreases?
If so, what might have caused the country’s development to decline?
Yes, it is possible but we seldom use the word development for negative connotation. You can use the word regression instead.
Some possible reasons that might have caused the country’s development to decline may be due to war or political conflict.
What are the characteristics of developed countries?
Characteristics of Developed countries
* Infrastructural capabilities are present
* Use of modern and advanced techniques of production
* Higher contribution of industrial and service sectors to national income
* Large portion of labour force depends on manufacturing and services centres
* Export of large industrieal services and products
* High rate of saving and capital formation
* Low level of unemployment
* High standard of living
* High per capita income
* Narrow income of inequalities indicator -
GINI Coeffivent.
O (zero) - perfect equality
* Low growth rate of population
* High literacy rate
- High life Expectancy
What are the characteristics of developing countries?
Characteristics of Developing countries
These characteristics are typical of low human development.
- Use of traditional and inefficient methods of production -
- Predominance of agriculture as source of employment
- Predominance of primary exports.
- Higher contribution of agriculture to national income
- Inadequate infrastructure
- High level of unemployment
- Low rate of saving and capital formation
- Low per capita income
- High incidence rate of poverty
- Wider income inequalities
- Low standard of living
- High growth rate of population
- Low literacy rate
- Low life expectancy
Countries of the world are divided into LDCs (less developed country), and MDCs (more developed country).
Which of the following is not one of the characteristics used to determine the category a country belongs to?
A. transportation and communication
B. Gross National Product (GNP)
C. consumption of energy and literacy
D. the employment of a country
E. none of the above.
D
The phrasing manner of option D is not accurate. It should be the employment rate instead of the employment of a country.
C is correct because it is consumption of energy and literacy rate just that it is not very clear ( so the question is not perfect)
B is correct because GNP is the “older version” of GNI
Which of the following are characteristics of an LDC country:
A. poor medical facilities
B. GNP is under $3000 per year
C. high infant mortality rate
D. poorly developed trade and transportation
E. all of the above.
E
The gross national product of MDCs ranges from:
A. $4000-$10000
B. over $10000
С. $6000-$10000
D. under $3000
E. none of the above.
B
In this case, it is per capita
Which of the following is not one of the idealistic goals of a
DC?
A. careful use of resources
B. a stable society in which young people can find their “place”
C. inclusion of all age groups and people in economic prosperity
D. development of technology to kill people
E. none of the above.
D
What is the meaning of per capita?
Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head. It is usually used in the field of statistics to indicate the average per person for any given concern e.g. income, crime rate (Wikipedia)
