Development Flashcards
What is development?
The change of a country overtime. Mainly positive and means people reaching an acceptable standard of living and decent quality of life.
Standard of living?
Materialistic view referring to mainly income. eg. housing, cars, income
Quality of life?
General wellbeing- eg. leisure time
Poverty definition?
Not having enough money to have basic necessities such as food, water, shelter
Extreme poverty definition?
Living under $2.15 per day per person according to the World Bank
Human development index- what does it measure?
Development of a country- GNI, life expectancy and education
GNI meaning?
Indicator of living standards- measured per person of how much income people earn. Average of the whole country
Inequality meaning?
Imbalances in power, rights, etc
Whats sustainable development?
Development that reaches the needs of the country now whilst ensuring that future generations have the ability to reach their needs
SEEP meaning?
Social, economic, environmental, political
Development compass rose factors?
Natural, economic, social, who decides?
6 causes of poverty?
location
politics
war
gender inequality
natural hazards
access to education
Advantage to using GNI as a development indicator?
Gives a general show to give an idea of how rich/poor a country is.
The figures are closely related to social dev factors- higher the GNI, the better the education and healthcare in the country
What makes development so complex?
- Hard to measure accurately. So many factors
- The population is dynamic: always changing
- Subjective
- Gives an average: no regional inequalities. Not the most reliable
- Corruption in the government- they might spend money on weapons rather than clean water
Natural indicators
Waste dumps
Water outlets
Green spaces
Air quality
Water quality
Who decides?- Political indicators
Political democracy
Stable/corrupt?
Voting rights
What is the development continuum?
What is the order of it? (5 groups)
A concept of classifying countries into groups based on their development level
LDCs LICs developing NICs HICs
3 low income countries?
South Sudan
Bangladesh
Nepal
3 newly industrialised countries?
Pakistan
China
India
3 high income countries?
Norway
Switzerland
Luxembourg
Physical causes of poverty?
Location
Natural hazards
Poor infrastructure
Social causes of poverty?
Gender inequality
Discrimination
Lack of education
Economic causes of poverty?
High tax rates
Income inequality
Employment
Unequal access to resources
Government spending money on weapons
Sustainable development meaning?
Development that reaches the needs of the current generation whilst ensuring that future generations will be able to reach their needs
What are the SDGs?
A group of 17 sustainable development goals that countries aspire to reach by 2030. Made by the UN to make the world a more sustainable and green place.
Barriers to development? x8
Location
Climate
Corruption
Religion and culture
Gender inequality
Fear of change
Debt
Access to resources
6 things that development can be measured by?
HDI
GNI
Infant mortality rate
Birth and death rates
Literacy rates
Life expectancy
Disadvantage to using GNI as a development indicator?
Ignores regional inequalities
- Doesn’t account for the distribution of the income
–> unreliable
Excludes non market activities
- Many people’s jobs are caregiving or babysitting and they take cash instead of bank transfers so that they don’t get taxed
–> leads to an underestimation of the country’s money
Advantage to using HDI as a development indicator?
Includes health, education and income
- Broad range of types of factors: economic and social
–> Measuring development can be subjective so this is more balanced
Easily comparable
- gives a single, standardised score
–> makes it easy and quick to compare development levels across countries
Disadvantage to using HDI as a development indicator?
Limited to only economic and social factors
- doesn’t give political or geographical safety
–> incomplete, 2 dimensional view of development
Takes an average of 2 averages and one statistic
- averages are already removing some difference between rich and poor
–> averaging the data again will mask the inequalities, making it look as if the whole population is doing well
