Development

Question 1

Transportation: mutual effects

Answer 1

On colonisation: Arteries of empires + shrinkage of physical distances
On transport: impetus for development and encouraged competition in europe

Question 2

Rivers

Answer 2

The first highways: facilitated exploration and expansion - E.g. stanley on the congo

Question 3

River canals

Answer 3

To aid internal transport
E.g Ganges canal in 1854: connected the 2 main rivers in india

Question 4

Sea canals

Answer 4

Suez canal (1869): built by french/egyptians, sold to britain
- London to Bombay – from 20,000 km to 12,000
- Led to deaths of 20,000 local workers
- Massive financial burden for Egyptian people
Panama canal (1914): US
- Initially french but lost it due to fraud and misuse
- 1999: canal zone became US territory

Question 5

Railways

Answer 5

Variety:
- India: dense network
- Congo: only short railways to bypass difficult river sections
Investment:
- Originally funded by private companies
Unfulfilled projects:
- Cape to cairo
- Trans sahara

Question 6

Air travel

Answer 6

Colonialism fuelled development
Imperial airways (1924): succeeded in implementing long distance air travel
KLM: Amsterdam to Batavia in 1924 (20 stops and almost a month of travel time)

Question 7

Post

Answer 7

Penny post in the UK (1840) and India (1856)

Question 8

Telegraph

Answer 8

1840s: invention of morse telegraph in the US
1851: first telegraph in Bengal (integral in the defeat of the Great Mutiny)
1870: First submarine line to india

Question 9

Radio

Answer 9

1912 onwards

Question 10

Science and colonisation

Answer 10

Tech: aided in the exploitation of natural resources (mining)

Development of cash crop plantations: Led to the Congo not being able to produce enough food for itself

New disciplines: anthropology and ethnology - aided in the categorisation of native people and the development of social policies

Question 11

Effects of colonialism on science

Answer 11

New data and institutionalisation of colonial science
Emergence of botanical gardens (e.g. institute of tropical disease in Antwerp)

Question 12

Discipline of Geography

Maps, names, borders

Answer 12

Maps: Metaphors of power
- Mercator projection: puts europe in centre, also enlarges the north/south

New place names: named after existing places, saints, royalty and colonisers

Borders: instruments of rule
- Colonists drew lines based on little knowledge (Tordesillas), details would be finalised later
- Non-europeans had more fluid views on borders, nomadic people would be tributary instead of sovereign

Question 13

Anthropology: colonial roots

Answer 13

Provided knowledge of people and cultures: facilitated control
Classification: creation of absolute boundaries across ethnic lines that did not exist prior to Europeans
Founded on racist ideas: measurements of physical traits further fuelled racist beliefs by creating hierarchies
This knowledge would be propagated in European education

Question 14

Indigenous people on display

Answer 14

Zoos, performances, villages in world fairs
People:
- Carl Hagenbeck: the father of the modern zoo
- Saartje baartman: enslaved Khoisan woman who was displayed in freak shows

Question 15

Forest clearance

Answer 15

For resource extraction or agriculture plantations
Led to further environmental destruction in the form of salinity and malaria
E.g. Australia – destruction of 87 million hectares before 1920)

Question 16

Hunting

Answer 16

40-60 thousand elephants were killed per year in 19th c, tiger became endangered by 1930s
Reasons: natives hunted for food while europeans did so for entertainment
Attitude changed in beginning of 20th c: called for conservation of species
- Creation of national parks in 1920s
- Indignance for local poachers nowadays

Question 17

Cities

Answer 17

French: receptive to population mixing (assimilation)
British: more segregated
Belgium: most segregation