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chapter 16 > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

1
Q

nature–nurture issue

A

The issue of the degree to which environment and heredity influence behavior.

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1
Q

developmental psychology

A

The branch of psychology that studies the patterns of growth and change that occur throughout life.

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2
Q

identical twins

A

Twins who are genetically identical.

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3
Q

cross-sectional research

A

A research method that compares people of different ages at the same point in time.

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4
Q

longitudinal research

A

A research method that investigates behavior as participants age.

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5
Q

sequential research

A

A research method that combines cross-sectional and longitudinal research by considering a number of different age groups and examining them at several points in time.

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6
Q

chromosomes

A

Rod-shaped structures that contain all basic hereditary information.

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7
Q

genes

A

The parts of the chromosomes through which genetic information is transmitted.

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8
Q

zygote

A

The new cell formed by the union of an egg and sperm.

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9
Q

embryo

A

A developed zygote that has a heart, a brain, and other organs.

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10
Q

fetus

A

A developing individual from eight weeks after conception until birth.

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11
Q

age of viability

A

The point at which a fetus can survive if born prematurely.

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12
Q

teratogens

A

Environmental agents such as a drug, chemical, virus, or other factor that produce a birth defect.

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13
Q

neonate

A

A newborn child.

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14
Q

reflexes

A

Unlearned, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli.

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15
Q

habituation

A

The decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus.

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16
Q

attachment

A

The positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual.

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17
Q

authoritarian parents

A

Parents who are rigid and punitive and value unquestioning obedience from their children.

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18
Q

permissive parents

A

Parents who give their children relaxed or inconsistent direction and, although they are warm, require little of them.

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19
Q

authoritative parents

A

Parents who are firm, set clear limits, reason with their children, and explain things to them.

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20
Q

uninvolved parents

A

Parents who show little interest in their children and are emotionally detached.

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21
Q

temperament

A

The innate disposition that emerges early in life.

22
Q

psychosocial development

A

Development of individuals’ interactions and understanding of each other and of their knowledge and understanding of themselves as members of society.

23
Q

trust-versus-mistrust stage

A

According to Erikson, the first stage of psychosocial development, occurring from birth to age 1½ years, during which time infants develop feelings of trust or lack of trust.

24
Q

autonomy-versus-shame and-doubt stage

A

The period during which, according to Erikson, toddlers (ages 1½ to 3 years) develop independence and autonomy if exploration and freedom are encouraged or shame and self-doubt if they are restricted and overprotected.

25
Q

initiative-versus-guilt stage

A

According to Erikson, the period during which children ages 3 to 6 years experience conflict between independence of action and the sometimes negative results of that action.

26
Q

industry-versus-inferiority stage

A

According to Erikson, the last stage of childhood, during which children age 6 to 12 years may develop positive social interactions with others or may feel inadequate and become less sociable.

27
Q

cognitive development

A

The process by which a child’s understanding of the world changes as a function of age and experience.

28
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

According to Piaget, the stage from birth to 2 years, during which a child has little competence in representing the environment by using images, language, or other symbols.

29
Q

object permanence

A

The awareness that objects-and people-continue to exist even if they are out of sight.

30
Q

preoperational stage

A

According to Piaget, the period from 2 to 7 years of age that is characterized by language development.

31
Q

egocentric thought

A

A way of thinking in which a child views the world entirely from his or her own perspective.

32
Q

principle of conservation

A

The knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects.

33
Q

concrete operational stage

A

According to Piaget, the period from 7 to 12 years of age that is characterized by logical thought and a loss of egocentrism.

34
Q

formal operational stage

A

According to Piaget, the period from age 12 to adulthood that is characterized by abstract thought.

35
Q

information processing

A

The way in which people take in, use, and store information.

36
Q

metacognition

A

An awareness and understanding of one’s own cognitive processes.

37
Q

zone of proximal development (ZPD)

A

According to Vygotsky, the level at which a child can almost, but not fully, comprehend or perform a task on his or her own.

38
Q

adolescence

A

The developmental stage between childhood and adulthood.

39
Q

puberty

A

The period at which maturation of the sexual organs occurs, beginning at about age 11 or 12 for girls and 13 or 14 for boys.

40
Q

identity-versus-role confusion stage

A

According to Erikson, a time in adolescence of major testing to determine one’s unique qualities.

41
Q

identity

A

The distinguishing character of the individual: who each of us is, what our roles are, and what we are capable of.

42
Q

intimacy-versus-isolation stage

A

According to Erikson, a period during early adulthood that focuses on developing close relationships.

43
Q

generativity-versus-stagnation stage

A

According to Erikson, a period in middle adulthood during which we take stock of our contributions to family and society.

44
Q

ego-integrity-versus-despair stage

A

According to Erikson, a period from late adulthood until death during which we review life’s accomplishments and failures.

45
Q

emerging adulthood

A

The period beginning in the late teenage years and extending into the mid-20.

46
Q

menopause

A

The period during which women stop menstruating and are no longer fertile.

47
Q

genetic preprogramming theories of aging

A

Theories that suggest that human cells have a built-in time limit to their reproduction and that they are no longer able to divide after a certain time.

48
Q

wear-and-tear theories of aging

A

Theories that suggest that the mechanical functions of the body simply stop working efficiently.

49
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

A progressive brain disorder that leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in cognitive abilities.

50
Q

disengagement theory of aging

A

A theory that suggests that aging produces a gradual withdrawal from the world on physical, psychological, and social levels.

51
Q

activity theory of aging

A

A theory that suggests that the elderly who are most successful while aging are those who maintain the interests and activities they had during middle age.

52
Q

life review

A

The process by which people examine and evaluate their lives.

chapter 16 (2 decks)

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