development Flashcards
of the 3 theoretical perspectives, which has to do with genetics and environmental influences?
nature vs. nurture
of the 3 theoretical perspectives, which asks “are changes gradual or abrupt”?
continuity vs discontinuity
of the 3 theoretical perspectives, which asks “are developmental patterns universal or culture-specific?
universal vs. ecological
who is jean piaget?
was very instrumental in developmental psychology
what are the 3 piagetian concepts discussed in lecture?
-schema
-assimilation
-accommodation
what is schema?
-structured cluster of concepts about how the world works
-mental framework that is created as children interact w/their physical and social environments
what is assimilation?
-incorporation of new learning into an existing schema without the need to revise schema
what is accommodation?
-incorporation of new learning into an existing schema that requires revision of the schema
what are piagets stages of cognitive development?
-sensorimotor
-preoperational
-concrete operational
-formal operational
when/what occurs in the sensorimotor stage?
-birth -2 years
-interaction with enviornment
-more focus on here and now
-cognitive milestone: object permanence (moves child to preoperational stage)
when/what occurs in the preoperational stage?
- 2-6 years
-no internal mental operations/manipulations
-egocentrism: cannot understand that others have different points of view
-failure to pass conservation tasks
when/what occurs in the concrete operational stage?
- 6-12 years
-internal mental operations/manipulations, but concrete (not abstract)
-hands-on learning best
-cognitive milestone: conservation (moves child from preoperational to concrete)
when/what occurs in the formal operational stage?
- 12+ years
-abstract concepts
-problem solving that can go beyond trial and error
“what if” problems
what are some criticisms of piaget’s theory?
-reduced focus on individual differences
-abrupt stages vs. gradual and continuous
-mechanisms for moving to a new stage? (like how did he get these milestones)
what is theory of mind (TOM)?
-extends piaget’s concept of egocentrism
-can child understand another person’s POV?
-emerges at ~3-4 yrs (before end of piaget’s preoperational stage)
- test for TOM: false belief test
what is temperament?
-individual differences in patterns of mood, activity, and emotional responsiveness
-predictive of adult personality
what is attachment?
-connection between infant and parent
-more focus on infant with mother
what are the 4 main types of attachment patterns?
-secure
-avoidant
-anxious-ambivalent
-disorganized
what idea did harlow demonstrate w/her studies with monkeys?
-the importance of comfort
-study:
~ baby monkeys preferred comfort than getting food
~thinking of caregiver as ‘secure base’
what is reactive attachment disorder?
-can occur w/children from orphanages
-institutionalization and neglect during critical period for attachment (birth-5 years)
-early vs. later environmental influences
T/F: attachment patterns interact with parenting styles to influence social and emotional development?
True
what are the 2 dimensions for parenting styles?
behvaioral regulation: as a parent how much control do i exert over my children?
parental support: how much support do i give my child?
what are the 4 types of parenting styles? and briefly describe them.
-authoritarian: high in behavioral control, low in support (all about rules; very strict)
-uninvolved: low parental support, low parental control (very open; do whatever you want)
-permissive: high support, low parental control (not very rule based, but very supportive at the same time)
-authoritative: high parental control, high support (gives rules but still supportive)
for mischel: delay of gratification (how do kids develop impulse control), how did they test for impulse control?
-marshmallow test
-Adult place a marshmallow on table. Adult leaves and says don’t touch marshmallow, i will be back with another where then if you wait you get both
what are the biological factors of gender roles?
-sex-typed toy preferences at 12-18 months
-toy choice in vervet monkeys
-“rough and tumble” play in animals and humans
what are social factors of gender roles?
-influence of parents
-social learning theory(Bem): useful categorization system
~a parents view if its a boy or girl toy can impact the way they treat their child
who was Hohlberg and what did he study?
-a student of piaget’s
-looked into the use of moral dilemmas
what are the 3 Kohlberg’s stages? and what do they mean?
-preconventional: kids will do what doesn’t get them into trouble
-conventional: 5-6ish to teenager ; maintaining social order
-postconventional: teens to adulthood; think in the bigger picture
what are some criticisms of kohlbergs’ theory?
-emphasizes justice to the exclusion of other values (like caring)
-original studies used only male participants (1/2 of pop.)
-some researchers argue that many people never reach postconventional stage
what are some brain changes that occur in adolescence development?
- growth of white matter, myelination
-amygdala fully developed
-frontal cortex continues to develop into early 20s
-synaptic pruning: brain taking away connections that aren’t needed
adolescents are likely to ?
- act on impulse
-misread or misinterpret social cues and emotions
-get into accidents of all kinds
get involved in fights
engage in dangerous or risky behavior
why do teens engage in risky behavior if they don’t have difficulties judging what is risky?
-teens are more likely to believe that they are immune from consequences of risky behavior
-link to brain development
why are adults better at identifying expressed emotions than teens?
-differences in amygdala vs. frontal lobe activity
-no differences in amygdala
-more frontal lobe activity in adults than teens –> more logical reasoning
what did Erikson study?
psychosocial development
-stages throughout lifespan
-“crisis” at each stage leads to positive vs. negative outcome and directs how personality and adult behavior will be
what crisis occurs from infant -18 months?
-trust vs. mistrust
-infants need their basic needs met; child is interacting with caregiver if its a good experience they will develop trust, if not, child may have trust issues
what crisis occurs from 18 months-3 years?
-autonomy vs. shame and doubt
-kids learn the basics of caring for themselves; kids begin to form a sense of self reliance, if successful they develop a sense of autonomy, if not, child may feel shame and doubt
what crisis occurs from 3 years - 5 years?
-initiative vs. guilt
-developing a sense of initiative if things are going well, if not they may feel guilty
what crisis occurs from 5-13 years?
-industry vs. inferiority
-being able to do tasks and succeed at them; developing self-confidence
what crisis occurs from 13-21 years?
-identity vs. role confusion
-forming a sense of self (“who am i”); if going well they develop a good sense of identity, if not they may have role confusion (“i dont know who i am’)
what crisis occurs from 21-39 years?
-intimacy vs. isolation
-developing a sense of intimacy w/partner; if not theres a feeling of isolation
what crisis occurs from 40-65 years?
- generativity vs. stagnation
-prime working age, finding meaninfulness in your life (generativity)
-stagnation is feeling stuck
what crisis occurs from 65 and older?
-ego integrity vs. despair
-looking back at life, did i do something important, did i contribute? if yes it is ego integrity if not they may feel despair
