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MCAT BIO REVIEW > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Development stage with greatest nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio

A

Blastula

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2
Q

What developmental layer is the notochord made from

A

Mesoderm

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3
Q

The joining of sperm and ovum

A

Fertilization

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4
Q

Where does fertilization usually occur

A

In the ampulla of the Fallopian tube

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5
Q

What do acrosomal enzymes do

A

Penetrate the corona radiata and zona pellucida

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6
Q

What is the purpose of the acrosomal apparatus

A

Sperm injects it’s pronucleus into the oocyte

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7
Q

When the sperm first penetrates it causes a release of calcium, which prevents additional sperm from fertilizing the egg and increases the metabolic rate of the diploid zygote

A

Cortical reaction

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8
Q

Solid mass of cells seen in early development

A

Morula

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9
Q

Early division of cells in embryo. Mitotic divisions result in large number of smaller cells. Cell volume does not change

A

Cleavage

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10
Q

When does the zygote become an embryo?

A

After first cleavage

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11
Q

Cleavage that Results in cells that are capable of becoming any cell in an organism

A

Indeterminate cleavage

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12
Q

Cleavage results in cells that are committed to differentiating into specific cell types

A

Determinate cleavage

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13
Q

Stage that has a fluid filled blastoceal-has trophoblast and inner cell mass

A

Blastula

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14
Q

What does the trophoblast become

A

Placental structure

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15
Q

What does the inner cell mass become?

A

Becomes developing organism

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the chorion and chorionic villi

A

Penetrate the endometrium and create interface between maternal and fetal blood

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17
Q

What supports the embryo before the placenta is established?

A

The yolk sac

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18
Q

What is involved in early fluid exchange between the embryo and yolk sac?

A

Allantois

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19
Q

Lies inside the chorion and produces amniotic fluid

A

Amnion

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20
Q

Development stage where 3 primary germ layers are developed

A

Gastrulation

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21
Q

What deficiency would cause neural tube defects

A

Folic acid

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22
Q

What maternal condition would cause increased fetal size and hypoglycaemia after birth

A

Diabetes

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23
Q

What tissues does the ectoderm become?

A

Epidermis, hair, nails, epithelial of nose, mouth, anal canal. As well as nervous system (including adrenal medulla) and lens of eye

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24
Q

What tissues come from Mesoderm

A

Musculoskeletal, circulatory, excretory system. Gonads, muscular and connective tissue layers of digestive system, respiratory system and adrenal cortex

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25
Q

Tissues endoderm gives rise to

A

Epithelial lining of respiratory and digestive tracts, parts of pancreas, thyroid, bladder, distal urinary tracts

26
Q

What developmental stage occurs after development of 3 germ layers

A

Neuralation

27
Q

Induces group of overlying ectodermal cells to form neural folds surrounding a neural groove

A

Notochord

28
Q

Neural folds fuse to form the what? Which becomes the central nervous system

A

Neural tube

29
Q

Tip of neural fold contains neural crest cells, which become what?

A

Peripheral nervous system (sensory ganglia, autonomic ganglia, adrenal medulla, schwan cells) and other tissues (calcitonin producing cells of thyroid, melanocytes of skin)

30
Q

Examples of teratogens

A

Alcohol, some prescription drugs, viruses, bacteria, environmental chemicals

31
Q

Commitment to a specific cell lineage, may be accomplished by uneven segregation of cell material during mitosis or with morphogens

A

Determination

32
Q

In order for a cell to respond to a specific morphogen, a cell must have what

A

Competency

33
Q

Refers to changes a cell undergoes due to selective transcription to take on characteristics appropriate to its cell line

A

Differentiation

34
Q

Stem cells that are able to differentiate into all cell types including all the germ layers and placental structures

A

Totipotent

35
Q

Stem cells that are able to differentiate into all three germ layers and their derivatives

A

Pluripotent

36
Q

Stem cells that are able to differentiate into only a specific subset of cell types

A

Multi potent

37
Q

Signal that acts on the same cell that released the signal

A

Autocrine

38
Q

Signal acts on local cells

A

Paracrine

39
Q

Signal acts through direct stimulation of adjacent cells

A

Juxtacrine

40
Q

Signal acts on distant tissues after travelling in the bloodstream

A

Endocrine

41
Q

What organ has a high regeneration capacity

A

Liver

42
Q

The result of multiple processes, including the shortening of telomeres

A

Senescence

43
Q

Programmed cell death via apoptotic blebs that can be absorbed and digested by other cells

A

Apoptosis

44
Q

What are growth factors

A

Peptides that promote differentiation and mitosis in different tissues

45
Q

Where does nutrient gas and waste exchange occur

A

At the placenta

46
Q

What hormones does the placenta secrete

A

Estrogen, progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin

47
Q

Carry deoxygenated blood from fetus to placenta

A

Umbilical arteries

48
Q

Carries oxygenated blood from placental back to the fetus

A

Umbilical vein

49
Q

What are the three shunts in the fetal circulatory system

A

Foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, ductus venous

50
Q

Shunt that connects the right atrium to the left atrium, bypasses the lungs

A

Foramen ovale

51
Q

Shunt that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta, bypassing the lungs

A

Ductus arteriosus

52
Q

Shunt that connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver

A

Ductus venosus

53
Q

Trimester where organogenesis occurs

A

First trimester

54
Q

Trimester where movement begins and the face becomes distinctly human, digits elongate

A

Second trimester

55
Q

Trimester where rapid growth and brain development continue, transfer of antibodies to fetus

A

Third trimester

56
Q

What coordinates uterine contractions during birth

A

Oxytocin and prostaglandins

57
Q

Afterbirth

A

Placenta and umbilical cord are expelled

58
Q

How long is gestation

A

40 weeks or 280 days

59
Q

Failure for neural tube to close

A

Spinal bifida

60
Q

Pathogens that can cross the barrier and cause significant birth defects

A 
TORCHES
Toxoplasma gondii 
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus 
HErpes or HIV
Syphilis

MCAT BIO REVIEW (2 decks)

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