Development Flashcards
3 developmental issues?
- Nature vs nurture 2. Stability vs change 3. Continuity vs discontinuity
Nature vs nurture
the debate over whether development is primarily infuenced by biology (inheritance) or environment (experiences). Ex: trisomy 21 and ethnicity : nature Interest in sports, guns, and Texas : nurture
Stability vs Change
thebdegree to which early traits and characteristics persist through life or change. Considers the extent tobwhich early experiences (esp in infancy) or later experiences are the key determinants of a person’s personality.
Continuity vs discontinuity
the extent to which development involves gradual, cumulatuve change (continuity) or distinct stages (discontinuous)– Piaget. Ex: Rene- job and wanted to move out. Discontinuous, everything changes all at once. Ex: caterpillar to chrysalis to butterfly, or child going from not being able to think about the world abstractly to being to. Ex: puberty, seedling to oak tree, learning to speak- all continuous.
PSychoanalytic Theorists
FREUD ERIKSON Describe development as primarily unconsious andheavily colored by emotion.
FREUD
stage-based theorist. Emphasis on early experience. Personality is best seen as a developmental process, with stages related to some of the tasks at that period. Pyschosexual stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
ERIKSON
stage based. Primary motivation of human behavior is social andnreflects a desire to affiliate with other people. 8 psychosocial stages: trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame, initiative vs guilt, industry vs inferiority, identity vs identity confusion, intimacy vs isolation, generativity vs stagnation, integrity vs despair.
PIAGET
nurture. Children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through 4 stages of cognituve development. Cognituve processes are influenced by bilogical maturation - brain cant learn certain material until mature. 4 stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational. assimilation and accomodation
Assimilation
what is perceived in the outside world isincorporated into the internal world, without changing the structure of that internal world, but potentially at the cost of “squeezing” the external perceptions to fit. example: Angie is told by her father that the girl in the picture is herself. In order for her to make sense of that she will have to assimilate the new info into her existing cognitive structures.
Accomodation
the world has to accomodate itself to the evidence with which it is confronted, and thus adapt to it, which can be a more difficukt and painful process. example: Angie understands ahe cannot be in 2 paces simultaneously. Her intenral structures ater themsekves to be consstentbwth reality.
VYGOTSKY
sociocultural cognitive theory. Kids have to be with people to learn nurture, scaffolding, zone of proximal development.
Cognitive theorists
PIAGET, VYGOTSKY. Stress the importance of concious thought.
SKINNER
operant conditioning. The consequences of a behavior produce changes in the probability ofthe behaviors occurence through pos and neg reinforcments. Development is brought about by rewards and punishments.
BANDURA
behavior, environment, and cognition are the key factors in development. observational learning and imitation are key aspects of lifespan developmebt.
Behavioral and social cognitive theorists
SKINNER, BANDURA. (nurture)
