Development 1.1 Flashcards
Key terms of chapter 2 (The complexity of psychological development)
Accommodation
Changing a pre-existing mental idea to fit new information
Adaptation
Taking in, processing, organizing, and using new information.
Assimilation
Taking in new information, and fitting it into pre-existing mental ideas
Attachment
The emotional bond between an infant and another person.
Biological factor
Physiologically based or determined factors (Disease, age, sleep patterns)
Biopsychosocial Model
An approach to describing and explaining psychological development and wellbeing.
Cognitive development
Changes in an individuals mental abilities
Critical Period
A specific period in development which a person (or animal) is most vulnerable to the absence of certain environmental experiences
Development
Changes in a human or animal that occur over time.
Developmental Normalities
Typical characteristics or abilities and expected levels of achievement associated with a particular age or stage of development.
Disorganized Attachment
Infants show inconsistent behaviors during separation and reunion with caregivers.
Emotion
A complex reaction pattern to a personally significant event.
Emotional development
Changes in how an individual experiences different feelings and how they are expressed, interpreted, and dealt with.
Environment
All the experiences, objects, and events to which we are exposed to throughout our life. (Nurture)
Expressive behaviour
An outward sign that an emotion is being experienced, which can be intentional or unintentional.
Heredity
Transmission of characteristics from biological parents at the time of conception (Nature)
Imprinting
A simple learning process where a young animal fixes its attention on the first object it sees.
Insecure avoidant attachment
Infant does not seek closeness or contact with caregiver and treats them like a stranger. 20% of 1 year old’s
Insecure resistant attachment
Infant appears anxious even when caregiver is near. They get very upset when separated from caregiver. Unsure what the infant wants. 12% of 1 year old’s.
Life span development
Development from birth through to old age.
Nature
Heredity
Nurture
Environment
Physiological response
Bodily changes that occur when we experience an emotion.
Psychological factor
Internal, mental processes
Schema
A mental idea of what something is, and how to act on it.
Secure Attachment
Infant has balance between dependance and exploration. 65% of 1 year olds.
Sensitive period
A period of time in development when a human or animal is more responsive to certain types of learning.
Sensorimotor stage
Infants explore using their senses and movement.
Separation Anxiety
Distress when away from person they are attached to.
Social Behaviour
Any action that is influenced, directly or indirectly by the presence of others.
Social development
Changes in an individuals relationships with other people and their skills in interacting with others.
Stranger anxiety
Distress experienced by young children around strangers.
Strange Situation
A standardized test for measuring attachment a child has with their parent.
Subjective Feeling
Inner personal experience of a feeling, their understanding of it, and their attitude.
Standardized
Making a test the same for everyone, or easily done for everyone
Pre-operational stage
Child begins to think symbolically and use language. Thinking is intuitive. 2-7 years
Object Permanance
Understanding that objects still exist when out of sight
Goal-directed behaviour
Child works out ways to get what they want
Symbolic thinking
Child uses symbols, language, imagination
Egocentrism
Child has difficulty seeing things from another viewpoint
Concrete Operational stage
Mental operations with concrete ideas but not abstract ideas. Ability to think logically. 7-11 years old
Animism
Childs belief that non-living things have feelings and intentions.
Transformation
Understanding changes (solid to liquid)
Conservation
Understanding that properties of an object can stay the same even when appearance changes
Abstract thinking
Concepts we cant see or visualize (honesty, pride)
Idealisic thinking
Comparing yourself to a perfect standard.
Logical thinking
Planning to solve problems, makes predictions
deductive reasoning
Drawing conclusions
Concrete operational stage
Mental operations with concrete ideas, but not abstract ideas. Ability to think logically
Formal operational
Thinking becomes sophisticated, thinking about future, making plans, and achieving goals.
