Development 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Multicellular life

A

cells, tissues, organs, systems, organisms

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2
Q

Stages of Development

A
  1. fertilization
  2. cleavage
  3. gastrulation
  4. organogenesis
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3
Q

Fertilization stage

A

Haploid egg + sperm fuse into a diploid zygote
1. Sperm contacts outer jelly coat
2. acrosomal reaction
3. bindins bond to receptors on egg
3b. sperm fuses with egg
4. cortical reaction

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4
Q

polyspermy

A

when more than 1 sperm nucleus enters the egg.
If happens it leads to wrong # of chromosomes.

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5
Q

Egg activation & Cleavage

A

Egg is activated & ready for cell division after fertilization.
Sperm & nucleus rapidly merges with the egg nucleus & the new zygote begins rapid cell division

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6
Q

Blastomeres

A

new cells created by rapid divisions

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7
Q

Blastula

A

resulting hollow ball of cells in cleavage

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8
Q

Yolk

A

When eggs are fertilized externally they have yolk. A viscous fluid containing nutrients for the embryo

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9
Q

blastocoel

A

hollow fluid filled space needed for gastrulation to occur

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10
Q

Gastrulation

A

Formation of the gut tube that has 3 layers in the embryo called the embryonic germ layer (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm).

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11
Q

Ectoderm

A

forms skin epithelium & nervous tissue. (Jaws, teeth epidermis of skin)

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12
Q

Endoderm

A

forms the lining of the digestive tract & related organs (liver, pancreas), thymus, throid

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13
Q

Mesoderm

A

a looser tissue that forms in the space between the endoderm & ectoderm (the coelom), skeletal & muscular systems

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14
Q

Protostomes (molluscs, annelids)

A

Spiral & determinate cleavage patter.
Mouth develops from blastopore.

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15
Q

Deuterostomes (echinoderms, chordates)

A

Radial & indeterminate cleavage patters.
Anus develops from blsatopore.

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16
Q

Organogenesis

A

The process in which organ rudiments develop from the three germ layers after gastrulation.

17
Q

Cytoplasmic determinants

A

localized in the egg cytoplasm & end up in specific cells during cleavage

18
Q

Induction

A

A process in which a group of cells or tissues influences the development of another group through close-range interactions.
Example: Neural tissue signals surface ectoderm to thicken with signaling molecules

19
Q

notochord

A

axial mesoderm condensed into central strip of tissue (Chordates)

20
Q

Neurulation

A

First steps in the formation of the brain & spinal cord in vertebrates

21
Q

Somite

A

one of a series of blocks of mesoderm that exist in pairs just lateral to the notochord in a vertebrate embryo

22
Q

Neural crest cells

A

In vertebrates - a region along the sides of the neural tube where it pinches off from the ectoderm.
Neural crest cells migrate to various parts of the embryo & form pigment cells in the skin & parts of the skull, teeth, adrenal; glands, peripheral nervous system.

23
Q

Acrosomal reaction

A

discharge of hydrolytic enzymes from the acrosome, a vesicle in the tip of a sperm, when the sperm approaches or contacts an egg.

24
Q

determinate cleavage

A

type of embryonic development in protostomes that rigidly casts the development fate of each embryonic cell very early

25
Q

indeterminate cleavage

A

type of embryonic development in deuterostomes in which each cell produced by early cleavage divisions retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo.
Humans = identical twins