DEV PSYCHOLOGY Flashcards by Briar Rose

Developmental Psychology

It refers to the discipline that attempts to describe and explain the changes that occur over time in the thought, behavior, reasoning, and functioning of a person due to biological, individual, and environmental influences.

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What is Development Psychology?

Physical
Social
Cognitive
Emotional
Moral

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Maturation in Dev Psy

Biological

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Dev Psychologists will agree that

Aging by itself technically causes nothing

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The Debates in Development Psychology

Nature vs. Nurture
Pessimistic vs. Optimistic
Continuous vs. Discontinuous

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Nature vs. Nurture

Are we born with our capabilities, knowledge, morals and values or does society shape, cultivate and support our infant into a full member of humanity?

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Nature

Genetics/Heredity

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Nurture

Family, society, education, and other social factors

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Twin Studies
Twin Pairs raised by different parents
100

Nature vs. Nurture

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Nature vs. Nurture

In the 21st century, most psychologists will concede that it is likely that there is an interaction between the two that can be identified as a point on a continuum.

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Pessimistic vs. Optimistic

Are you a product of your early experiences or are you continuing to change and grow as an adult?

Freud vs. Adler

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Pessimistic vs. Optimistic

Pessimistic: Early experiences matter
Optimistic: Later choices matter

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Continuous vs. Discontinuous

Does development follow certain life stages or do we gradually and continually process different aspects of development since the time of birth?

Freud vs. Adler

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Continuous vs. Discontinuous

Continuous: Constant, consistent improvement or growth
Discontinuous: improvement or growth occurs in certain stages

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Stage theories

Based on observation of behavior and the calculation of what most children can do at what age.

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Continuous theories

Assumes that development is lifelong, multidimensional, plastic, and can be affected by many elements.

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Continuous Theories
Influences on Development

Normative age graded influences are biological and environmental influences in a particular age group. e.g. puberty/adolescence

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Continuous Theories
Influences on Development

Normative history graded influences are common to People of a particular generation because of the historical circumstances they experience. e.g. weather (draught), wars

Continuous Theories
Influences on Development

Nonnormative life events are unusual occurrences that have a major impact on an individual’s life. The occurrence, pattern, and sequence of these events are not applicable to many individuals. e.g. moving, divirce

Research Methods in Life Span Development

Cross sectional
Longitudinal
Time-lag
Time sequential

Cross Sectional Studies

Investigating the form of play during early childhood, middle childhood, and late childhood.

Example:
Level of Anxiety among students during pandemic

Longitudinal Studies

Marshmallow Test: do the children who waited for the second marshmallow end up more successful during school age?

Example:
The quality of Life from Adulthood to Middle Age
The impact of parenting style on self-esteem

Time Lag Studies

Rates pregnancy across generations
Fashion trends then and now
Social media uses across time

Time Sequential Design

Studying the mathematical skills of 5 years olds and 10 year olds; Reassessment every 6 months for the next 5 years

Perspective that draws more on the nature side

Biological Perspective

Theoretical Perspectives in Lifespan Development

Psychoanalytic Biological Learning Cognitive Integrative

Psychoanalytic Perspectives

Sigmund Freud: Psychosexual Erik Erikson: Psychosocial

Biological Perspectives

Arnold Gesell: Maturational John Bowlby: Attachment Konrad Lorenz: Ethology Mary Ainsworth: Attachment

Learning Perspectives

Ivan Pavlov: Classical Conditioning BF Skinner: Operant Conditioning Albert Bandura: Social Learning

Cognitive Perspective

Jean Piaget: Cognitive Development

Integrative Perspectives

Lev Vygotsky: Sociocultural Urie Bronfenbrenner: Bioecological

Gender Identity is being formed during

Phallic Stage (Major milestone)

Lack of toilet training may lead to ______ personality.

Expulsive

Oral

•Forceful Feeding •Underfed Oral Passive: trusting, depedency •Overfed Oral Aggressive: aggressive, dominating

Anal

•Toilet Training •Too Harsh Anal Retentive: tidiness, obsessiveness, mean, stubborn •Too Lax Anal Expulsive: untidiness, generosity

Phallic

Abnormal family set up leading to unusual relationship with mother/father Ex. Vanity,self obsession, sexual anxiety, inadequacy, inferiority, envy

Genital

Settling down in a loving one to one relationship with another. Ex. Well adjusted, mature, able to love and be loved. Sexual instinct is directed to hetoresexual pleasure

Gesell's Maturity Theory

Environment + Genetics Since our individual rate of development is pre-determined by our genetics, we cannot force advancement ahead of schedule ✓ We were born with an "internal body clock" ✓ On demand parenting is necessary in the early months

Ainsworth's Attachment Style

The strange situation study This is a seven phase study design to reflect the naturalistic observations Ainsworth had made of parent-child daily interaction.

Avoidant

✓ Few or no signs of missing the parent ✓ actively ignores and avoids her upon reunion

Secure

✓ Show signs of missing the mother when she left ✓ Child made efforts to reunite with the mother when she returned

Ambivalent

✓ Infant becomes distressed when the mother leaves but cannot be settled by the parent upon reunion

Disorganized

✓ Show reunion behaviors that could not be included in other categories

Bowlby's Attachment Theory

The existence of a strong, emotional bond is essential in producing emotionally stable, happy children. Without this bond, the child would experience maternal deprivation and the child would be damaged forever.