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Developmental Psychobiology > Dev Bio Psych > Flashcards

Dev Bio Psych Flashcards

1
Q

Endoderm

A

Yellow

Lining of internal organs

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2
Q

Mesoderm

A

Red

Bones and muscles

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3
Q

Ectoderm

A

Blue

The nervous system and skin

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4
Q

Neurulation

A

Process of folding the neural tube and neural crest (6 weeks pregnant)

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5
Q

Neural tube ..

A

Becomes the CNS

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6
Q

Neural crest

A

Becomes the PNS

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7
Q

Somites

A

Vertebrae

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8
Q

Neural tube deficits

Spina fida

A

Deficit in neural tube closure at the caudal (lower) end . Bump on spine

  • 5% prevalence
  • Leg weakness and paralysis
  • orthopedic abnormalities
  • bladder and bowel control problems
  • executive function
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9
Q

Neural tube deficits

anencephaly

A

Deficit in neural tube closure at the rostral (close to brain) { no fully developed head}

  • blind, deaf, unable to feel pain
  • brainstem but little if no cerebrum
  • hours to days of life
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10
Q

Neural tube deficits

Encephalocele

A

Opening on rostral end { bump/ opening of the skull}

Craniofacial abnormalities or other brain malformations

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11
Q

Neural tube deficits

folic acids

A
  • Should be taken before the mother plans to conceive a child
  • increase folic acid can help reduce some birth defects like a cleft palate
  • folic acid is found in foods such as spinach
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12
Q

Hindbrain

Know overall function

A

Hindbrain develops into:
Cerebellum- balance
Pons- sleep and respiration, relay formation
Medulla= autonomic function: breathing, heart rate and blood pressure

Together they support bodily vital processes

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13
Q

Midbrain

A

Midbrain develops into basic relationships control of movement and sensory systems:
Colliculi - vision and hearing
Central tegmental area(VTA) and substantia nigra = motor control

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14
Q

Forebrain

A

Forebrain develops into :
Cerebrum
Thalamus and hypothalamus
Limbic system

Two cerebral hemispheres - perception, awareness, cognition

Cerebral cortex = cortical (4 lobes)
•higher cognitive function
• sensory info
•Pfc (prefrontal cortex)

White matter
Corpus callosum- is part of the mind that allows communication between two hemispheres of the brain. Responsible for transmitting neural messages between both right and left hemisphere.

Limbic system= memory, motivation and emotion

  • hippocampus(memory)
  • amygdala(emotion and fear)
  • cingulate cortex ( emotional integration, gambling, OCD.

Hypothalamus and thalamus = sensor relay and homeostasis

Striatum= motor and rewards systems

Optic vesicles = retina, optic nerves

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15
Q

Neural migration

A

Radial migration
Radial migration- migration of baby neuurons move along radial glia from the ventricle zone outwards

Green is “baby” neurons = neural precursors
Neural precursors migrating across radial glia

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16
Q

1st trimester in pregnancy

A

1-12 weeks; period of dividing zygote, implantation and bilaminiar embryo( not susceptible to teratogens) heart, eyes, ears, limbs, teeth , palate, ears, external genitalia form
• faint brain waves and brain grows half the size of the body

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17
Q

2nd trimester in pregnancy

A

13-27 weeks
•baby is viable at 20-23 weeks (considered still born)
21 weeks = voluntary motor movement
24 weeks= breathing, crying
• gyri, Sulci- rapid development of the fissures and convolutions in the cerebral hemisphere ( complex thinking)
Systems are not mature enough for survival ( surfactin - material that enables the lungs to transmit oxygen from the air to the fetal bloodstream)
• viability = a point in fetal Development at which the fetus may survive outside the womb

• preterm birth ( before 37 weeks), 5-18% of all deliveries 
Survival rates 
23 weeks- 15%
24 weeks- 55% 
25 weeks- 80%

46% had severe or moderate disabilities ( cerebral palsy, vision or hearing loss and learning problems), 20% no disabilities

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18
Q

3rd trimester in pregnancy

A

28-41 weeks

System refinement

  • body fat increase drastically
    •likelihood of survival is higher
    Before 37 weeks = preterm
    After 42 weeks = postterm
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19
Q

Aneuploidy vs inherited disorders

A

Aneuploidy - missing or extra chromosomes
- trisomy, monosomy

Inherited disorders = caused by gene mutation
- sickle cell, cystic fibrosis, Tay- Sachs disease
• both parents are carriers of the gene

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20
Q

Prenatal screening tests

A

Chances that the fetus has aneuploidy or select inherited disorders
• Carrier screening= carrier for an inherent disorder
• prenatal genetic screening= blood tests and ultrasound exams

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21
Q

Prenatal diagnosis tests

A

Can better determine if the fetus actually has the disorder

A. Amniocentesis
• amniotic fluid/ cells

B. Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

Placenta cells

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22
Q

First screening

A

10-13 weeks
A. Ultrasound screening
• fetal viability, number of fetuses
• placental position, gestational dating
• nuchal translucency screening ( looking for thickness of the space behind the neck)
• more space behind neck = Down syndrome
Down syndrome( trisomy 21; T21) , trisomy 18(T18)
- linked into physical defects in heart, abdominal wall, skeleton

Maternal serum screening = double test!( blood test)

•HCG ( human chorionic gonadotropin) = pregnancy hormone

PAPPA -(blood test)
Low levels = T21, placenta issues ( fetal death, low birth weight, preeclampsia)

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23
Q

Viability

A

23 weeks vs 25 weeks= almost half had severe or moderate disabilities
• a point in fetal development at which the fetus may survive outside the womb
• infant can be born at 23 wks and survive with a lot of medical attention
Survival rates: 23 weeks 15%
Survival rates: 25 weeks 80%

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24
Q

Second screening

A

15-22 weeks
A.ultrasound screening non-invasive
•Down syndrome, trisomy 18, neural tube deficits
• alpha- fetiprotein (AFP)
•HCG
•estriol (UE3)
•dimeric inhibin A (DIA) optional!
• physical defects: spine, facial features, abdomen, heart , limbs
• neural tube deficits: hydrocephalus, anencephaly

b. Maternal serum screening= quad test
* AFP( alpha-fetoprotein)
• tested for in maternal serum screening quad test blood test in second trimester

**HCG(human chorionic gonadotropin)
• pregnancy hormone tested for in the maternal serum screening
• double test blood test in first trimester

*** Ue3 (estriol)
Tested for in the maternal serum screening quad test blood test in second trimester
• Down syndrome (T21) - 81% accuracy without ultrasound
- high levels of HCG/inhibitin A
-low levels of AFP/ Ue3
• trisomy 18
-low levels of hcg/ inhibitin A/AFP/Ue3

** DIA(inhibin A) (optional) tested for in maternal serum screening quad test blood test in second trimester
• Down syndrome (T21)-81% accuracy without ultrasound
-high levels of HCG/inhibin A
- low levels of AFP/ Ue3
• trisomy 18
- low levels of HCG inhibitin A/ AFP/UE3

C. Down syndrome (T21)
•81% accuracy without ultrasound
•high levels of HCG/inhibitin A
•low levels of AFP/ UE3

D. Trisomy 18 low levels of HCG/ inhibitin A/AFP/UE3

E. Neural tube defects
• high levels of AFP
• multiple gestation, or underestimation if gestational age

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25
Q 
Vaginal delivery
(Pros and cons)
A

Pros:
-less lung problems in infant

Cons:

-fluid in lungs ,pulmonary hypertension

Less likely:

  • asthma, food allergies, lactose issues
  • postpartum pain
  • breastfeed quicker, more effective
  • bonding
  • anxiety, emotions
Known complications 
• complications to Mom and baby 
-physical  trauma ( tears, bleeding, etc)
• medical complications 
-high blood pressure, pre- eclampsia 
- gestational diabetes 
-placenta previa or placental abruption

• induction

  • prostaglandin, oxytocin
  • rupture membrane “ water breaking”

• cesarean surgery

  • 32% of all births in the US is via C- section
  • risks
  • convenience
26
Q

Cesarean surgery

Pros and cons

A
  • c-section
  • control and convenience
  • lower risk of hemorrhage & injury

• major surgery
-complications, anesthesia, blood loss

Mother risk:

  • heart attacks. Blood clots, infection
  • hysterectomy, numbness, pain
  • later placental problems

Baby risk of lung infections/ issues

• bonding & breastfeeding

27
Q

3 stages of labor

A 
Stage 1:
Early labor vs active labor
• hours to days
•contractions every 5 minutes
• cervix dilates to about 10 cm

Stage 2:
Birthing/pushing
• minutes to hours
• contractions and pushing moves the baby farther down the vagina
• painful contractions, most positive part of labor
• baby is born

Stage 3: 
Placenta 
•< 20 minutes 
• placenta separates from the uterine wall and is expelled
• estrogen and progesterone levels drop
28
Q

Apgar score

A 
-> 0-10 ( how good is the baby doing )
• appearance
• pulse
• grimace
• activity 
• respiration
29
Q

Postpartum blues ( baby blues) ( realization of having a baby)

A

up to 80% of women
•short-lasting change in mood
• usually occurs during first 2 weeks after childbirth
• experiences by about half of new mothers
• symptoms include: crying, sadness. Insomnia , irritability , anxiety, and lack of confidence
• “baby pinks” - manic episode ex: mother would clean the whole house and make dinner up to 3 weeks

30
Q

Postpartum depression (15%)

A 
• intense/ serious disorder 
- extreme sadness. Exhaustion, sleep disturbances, despair, lack of interest in enjoyable activities, loss of interest in the baby, feelings of guilt
• develops within 6 months postpartum
• lasts months
• hormonal changes
• social factors
- stress
-economic status, fewer resources
- social support

• higher PPD in lesbian and African American women 25%
Lowest in Asian American 11%

31
Q

Aneuploidy

A

Aneuploidy- change in chromosome number
• loss/ addition during mitosis/ meiosis

A. Nullisomy: loss of homologous chromosomes
• 21 autosomes

B. Monosomy: loss of a single chromosome from a pair
• one allele copy

C. Trisomy: addition of a single chromosome to a pair • three chromosomes

32
Q

Down’s syndrome

chromosome, maternal age, physical and behavioral phenotypes, older age and lifespan

A
  • Chromosome: trisomy in chromosome 21 (T21)
  • Maternal age: > 45 = 3%
  • Physical and behavioral phenotypes
  • intellectual disabilities
  • mild (IQ50-69) or moderate (ID 35-50)
  • better language understanding than production
  • short stature, stocky
  • enlarged head
  • large tongue, tonsils
  • sleep apnea

•Older age

  • Alzheimer’s diseases
  • 15% at 40 years
  • 50-70% at 60 years

• lifespan
50-55
- heart problems or infect

33
Q

Tay- Sachs disease

A
  • damage to nervous system
  • single mutation on chromosome 15
  • HEX A
  • breaks down lipids
  • toxic buildup of fat in the brain

•Damage to nervous system
- destruction of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord

• symptoms

  • loss of motor abilities
  • deaf, blind
  • death and 4-8
  • hydrocephalus & lesion
34
Q

Sickle cell anemia

hemoglobin, symptoms, ethnicity, malaria

A

SNP on chromosome 11

• affects hemoglobin( red blood cells )
- crescent-shaped, rigid, fragile

• symptoms 
(6 months) 
- anemia
- jaundice
- abdominal/ joint pain = red blood cell obstruction
- renal/ heart failure

• ethnicity

  • African- Americans 10% = 1-600 births
  • western/ central Africa

• malaria
- heterozygous carriers

35
Q

Cystic fibrosis

Cftr gene, symptoms, ethnicity

A

Mutation in chromosome 7

• cftr gene
-production of sweat, digestive fluids, mucus

•symptoms

  • no cure
  • lung/ pancreas dysfunction
  • stressful
  • interferes with other types of development

•ethnicity
1 our of 3200 births ( Caucasian)
1 our of 15,000 births ( African- American)

36
Q

Fragile X syndrome

phenotype, males, autism

A

Phenotype
- single codon repeat on X

• makes

  • 1 our of 2000 makes
  • more severe in males

• autism
1/3 similar to autism ( social interactions and delayed speech )

37
Q

Cats cry syndrome

phenotype

A

Poor eye control , asymmetrical faces short stature

38
Q

Prader-willi syndrome

distinct phenotypical phases, treatment

A

Distinct phenotypical stages:
- prenatal 2 years: slow growth poor muscle tone, small hands. And small feet

2-5 years: physical weakness

• treatment
( no cure)
Growth hormones , parent/ education counseling, diet/ nutrition, academic/ social programs, cognitive behavioral therapy

39
Q

Taste, smell

A

Evident in newborns

Well developed by 1 year of age

40
Q

Vision

A

Develops with brain
3-4 months= brightness, focus, primary colors
9 months= see small objects
1 year= track objects

41
Q

Gross / fine motor control

A

• gross/ fine motor control- > emerged by year 2

  • crawling, walking, grasping, etc…
  • coordination of movements, explore environment

• years 2-6-> play years

  • basic motor, perceptual,social, emotional skills
  • enhance strength
  • years 6-12-> additional physical growth, coordination
  • puberty-> rapid, uneven growth
  • height, weight, fat, muscles, organs
  • hormone surge
42
Q

Synaptic plasticity

A

Ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken overtime, in response to increases or decreases in their activity

43
Q

Language

A

A. Newborns
• head orientation to mothers voice
• vocalizations

B. 12-18 months
• true words
• imitations

C. Holophrases

  • food
  • me
  • up

D. School age
• 8,000 words
• sentences, grammar, tense

E. Late childhood ( abstraction, attention, metacognition)
• growth into abstraction -> encouraged by reading/ writing
• selective attention -> complex stimuli, problem solving
• metacognition -> thinking about thinking
- learning about task difficulty, problem-solving

44
Q

Temperament

A

Behavioral/ personality tendencies

A. Newborns
• can be seen in newborns
- activity, reaction intensity, approach behavior, fussiness
• nature vs nurture

B. Binding/ attachment
• through close physical contact
•oxytocin
•occurs throughout life

45
Q

Bonding/ attachment

A

Through close physical contact
Oxytocin
Occurs throughout life

46
Q

Emotions

A

Attachment - parent interaction
• parent -child interaction -> sights. Sounds. Smells
• secure vs anxious / insecure attachment
- quality of care/ marriage, parent loss/ illness etc

47
Q

Socialization

A

A. Learning values , behaviors of a culture
• learning healthy social interactions with peers , authority figures

• 8 months +

  • social referencing -> attractiveness to social cues
  • self awareness by year 2
  • leads to self- regulation

• school years -> social cognition
- interactions with peer groups, learn social rules

B. Social norms/ expectations
• meeting developmental milestones

• developmental disabilities delay/ interfere in this

  • direct effects
  • secondary effects
48
Q

Developmental disabilities

onset, serverity, permenance

A

A. Onset: must originate in early life (3 years of age)
- or before 21 years of age for an injury

Severity- must be severe enough to interfere with long term normal function

  • independence -> self- care, self- direction, independent living, mobility, finances
  • learning, social communication

Permanence: must persist throughout life
- epilepsy, ADHD sometimes “ go away”

49
Q

Placenta

A 
Placenta- filtering system, nutrients
Placenta jam or a perfect filter
Similar to blood brain barrier
Drugs/ alcohol
Medication
Teratogens
50
Q

Teratogens

A

Interrupt normal physiological development

- chemicals, metals, radiation, viruses, bacteria, drugs, maternal stresses

51
Q

4 main endpoints of teratogenic action

A
  1. Death of embryo/ fetus
  2. Birth defects/ malformations
  3. Fetal growth defeciency, premature births
  4. Postnatal functional issues- cognitive , social, behavioral, emotional

• teratogens -> specific effects va general effects

52
Q

Target access

A

Direct and indirect routes
• direct= through maternal tissue
• indirect= through maternal blood

53
Q

Genetic determination

A

Susceptibility varies with species

• animal models are not perfect

54
Q

Critical periods:

A

Time of exposure is important
• early stages be late stages of development
2-16 weeks

55
Q

Mechanisms of action ( what a teratogens can do)

A

Genetic mutations, chromosomal abnormalities

56
Q

Dose-effect relationship

A

Linear relationship between teratogens amount and impairment

57
Q

Delayed effects

A

No observable effects at births

• usually affects sexual development

58
Q

Rubella

A

German measles= virus
• children/ non- pregnant adults
- mild rash. Low fever , no damage

• early pregnancy 8 weeks
4 weeks ->50% risk
12 weeks 6% risk

Symptoms 
Heart defects
Growth retardation
Cataracts deafness altered brain development 
Microcephaly

Treatment
No cure
Treat symptoms fluids rest, meds Nsaids

59
Q

Cytomegalovirus ( herpes)

A

Most common prenatal infection 23/1000 births
Primary infection, deactivation

• transmission through bodily fluids
- placenta, birth, breast milk

• first trimester = fatal

Symptoms 
10-15%
Growth retardation 
Cerebral palsy
Deafness
Intellectual disabilities 
Delayed effects

•Treatment
-non-pregnant =DNA inhibitors
Pregnant- none, prevention, immune boosters, termination

60
Q

Chicken pox

A

Childhood= no lasting effects
Pregnant women
-first trimester 20%

•symptoms

  • brain damage=hydrocephaly, microcephaly
  • intellectual disabilities

-muscle atrophy, limb abnormalities, scarring

Treatment-> anti-viral drugs 30% risk

1/3 adults
Many people over 85

61
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A

Parasite that comes specifically from the cat stool pregnant women should never change kitty litter
Animal tissue, fur, stool

Pregnant women (3%)

• symptoms= congenital toxoplasmosis

  • microcephaly, hydrocephaly
  • intellectual disabilities, visual defects( retina)

Treatment antibiotic

62
Q

Influenza ( fever)

A

Influenza -> virus

  • miscarriage , low birth weigh
  • maternal fever
  • altered organ development in embryo/fetus
  • neural tube defects
  • high body temperature??
  • increased risk of bipolar and or schizophrenia

Treatment- treat symptoms ,anti- viral, vaccinations

Developmental Psychobiology (1 decks)

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