Dev Bio Psych Flashcards
Endoderm
Yellow
Lining of internal organs
Mesoderm
Red
Bones and muscles
Ectoderm
Blue
The nervous system and skin
Neurulation
Process of folding the neural tube and neural crest (6 weeks pregnant)
Neural tube ..
Becomes the CNS
Neural crest
Becomes the PNS
Somites
Vertebrae
Neural tube deficits
Spina fida
Deficit in neural tube closure at the caudal (lower) end . Bump on spine
- 5% prevalence
- Leg weakness and paralysis
- orthopedic abnormalities
- bladder and bowel control problems
- executive function
Neural tube deficits
anencephaly
Deficit in neural tube closure at the rostral (close to brain) { no fully developed head}
- blind, deaf, unable to feel pain
- brainstem but little if no cerebrum
- hours to days of life
Neural tube deficits
Encephalocele
Opening on rostral end { bump/ opening of the skull}
Craniofacial abnormalities or other brain malformations
Neural tube deficits
folic acids
- Should be taken before the mother plans to conceive a child
- increase folic acid can help reduce some birth defects like a cleft palate
- folic acid is found in foods such as spinach
Hindbrain
Know overall function
Hindbrain develops into:
Cerebellum- balance
Pons- sleep and respiration, relay formation
Medulla= autonomic function: breathing, heart rate and blood pressure
Together they support bodily vital processes
Midbrain
Midbrain develops into basic relationships control of movement and sensory systems:
Colliculi - vision and hearing
Central tegmental area(VTA) and substantia nigra = motor control
Forebrain
Forebrain develops into :
Cerebrum
Thalamus and hypothalamus
Limbic system
Two cerebral hemispheres - perception, awareness, cognition
Cerebral cortex = cortical (4 lobes)
•higher cognitive function
• sensory info
•Pfc (prefrontal cortex)
White matter
Corpus callosum- is part of the mind that allows communication between two hemispheres of the brain. Responsible for transmitting neural messages between both right and left hemisphere.
Limbic system= memory, motivation and emotion
- hippocampus(memory)
- amygdala(emotion and fear)
- cingulate cortex ( emotional integration, gambling, OCD.
Hypothalamus and thalamus = sensor relay and homeostasis
Striatum= motor and rewards systems
Optic vesicles = retina, optic nerves
Neural migration
Radial migration
Radial migration- migration of baby neuurons move along radial glia from the ventricle zone outwards
Green is “baby” neurons = neural precursors
Neural precursors migrating across radial glia
1st trimester in pregnancy
1-12 weeks; period of dividing zygote, implantation and bilaminiar embryo( not susceptible to teratogens) heart, eyes, ears, limbs, teeth , palate, ears, external genitalia form
• faint brain waves and brain grows half the size of the body
2nd trimester in pregnancy
13-27 weeks
•baby is viable at 20-23 weeks (considered still born)
21 weeks = voluntary motor movement
24 weeks= breathing, crying
• gyri, Sulci- rapid development of the fissures and convolutions in the cerebral hemisphere ( complex thinking)
Systems are not mature enough for survival ( surfactin - material that enables the lungs to transmit oxygen from the air to the fetal bloodstream)
• viability = a point in fetal Development at which the fetus may survive outside the womb
• preterm birth ( before 37 weeks), 5-18% of all deliveries Survival rates 23 weeks- 15% 24 weeks- 55% 25 weeks- 80%
46% had severe or moderate disabilities ( cerebral palsy, vision or hearing loss and learning problems), 20% no disabilities
3rd trimester in pregnancy
28-41 weeks
System refinement
- body fat increase drastically
•likelihood of survival is higher
Before 37 weeks = preterm
After 42 weeks = postterm
Aneuploidy vs inherited disorders
Aneuploidy - missing or extra chromosomes
- trisomy, monosomy
Inherited disorders = caused by gene mutation
- sickle cell, cystic fibrosis, Tay- Sachs disease
• both parents are carriers of the gene
Prenatal screening tests
Chances that the fetus has aneuploidy or select inherited disorders
• Carrier screening= carrier for an inherent disorder
• prenatal genetic screening= blood tests and ultrasound exams
Prenatal diagnosis tests
Can better determine if the fetus actually has the disorder
A. Amniocentesis
• amniotic fluid/ cells
B. Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
Placenta cells
First screening
10-13 weeks
A. Ultrasound screening
• fetal viability, number of fetuses
• placental position, gestational dating
• nuchal translucency screening ( looking for thickness of the space behind the neck)
• more space behind neck = Down syndrome
Down syndrome( trisomy 21; T21) , trisomy 18(T18)
- linked into physical defects in heart, abdominal wall, skeleton
Maternal serum screening = double test!( blood test)
•HCG ( human chorionic gonadotropin) = pregnancy hormone
PAPPA -(blood test)
Low levels = T21, placenta issues ( fetal death, low birth weight, preeclampsia)
Viability
23 weeks vs 25 weeks= almost half had severe or moderate disabilities
• a point in fetal development at which the fetus may survive outside the womb
• infant can be born at 23 wks and survive with a lot of medical attention
Survival rates: 23 weeks 15%
Survival rates: 25 weeks 80%
Second screening
15-22 weeks
A.ultrasound screening non-invasive
•Down syndrome, trisomy 18, neural tube deficits
• alpha- fetiprotein (AFP)
•HCG
•estriol (UE3)
•dimeric inhibin A (DIA) optional!
• physical defects: spine, facial features, abdomen, heart , limbs
• neural tube deficits: hydrocephalus, anencephaly
b. Maternal serum screening= quad test
* AFP( alpha-fetoprotein)
• tested for in maternal serum screening quad test blood test in second trimester
**HCG(human chorionic gonadotropin)
• pregnancy hormone tested for in the maternal serum screening
• double test blood test in first trimester
*** Ue3 (estriol)
Tested for in the maternal serum screening quad test blood test in second trimester
• Down syndrome (T21) - 81% accuracy without ultrasound
- high levels of HCG/inhibitin A
-low levels of AFP/ Ue3
• trisomy 18
-low levels of hcg/ inhibitin A/AFP/Ue3
** DIA(inhibin A) (optional) tested for in maternal serum screening quad test blood test in second trimester
• Down syndrome (T21)-81% accuracy without ultrasound
-high levels of HCG/inhibin A
- low levels of AFP/ Ue3
• trisomy 18
- low levels of HCG inhibitin A/ AFP/UE3
C. Down syndrome (T21)
•81% accuracy without ultrasound
•high levels of HCG/inhibitin A
•low levels of AFP/ UE3
D. Trisomy 18 low levels of HCG/ inhibitin A/AFP/UE3
E. Neural tube defects
• high levels of AFP
• multiple gestation, or underestimation if gestational age
Vaginal delivery (Pros and cons)
Pros:
-less lung problems in infant
Cons:
-fluid in lungs ,pulmonary hypertension
Less likely:
- asthma, food allergies, lactose issues
- postpartum pain
- breastfeed quicker, more effective
- bonding
- anxiety, emotions
Known complications • complications to Mom and baby -physical trauma ( tears, bleeding, etc) • medical complications -high blood pressure, pre- eclampsia - gestational diabetes -placenta previa or placental abruption
• induction
- prostaglandin, oxytocin
- rupture membrane “ water breaking”
• cesarean surgery
- 32% of all births in the US is via C- section
- risks
- convenience
Cesarean surgery
Pros and cons
- c-section
- control and convenience
- lower risk of hemorrhage & injury
• major surgery
-complications, anesthesia, blood loss
Mother risk:
- heart attacks. Blood clots, infection
- hysterectomy, numbness, pain
- later placental problems
Baby risk of lung infections/ issues
• bonding & breastfeeding
3 stages of labor
Stage 1: Early labor vs active labor • hours to days •contractions every 5 minutes • cervix dilates to about 10 cm
Stage 2:
Birthing/pushing
• minutes to hours
• contractions and pushing moves the baby farther down the vagina
• painful contractions, most positive part of labor
• baby is born
Stage 3: Placenta •< 20 minutes • placenta separates from the uterine wall and is expelled • estrogen and progesterone levels drop
Apgar score
-> 0-10 ( how good is the baby doing ) • appearance • pulse • grimace • activity • respiration
Postpartum blues ( baby blues) ( realization of having a baby)
up to 80% of women
•short-lasting change in mood
• usually occurs during first 2 weeks after childbirth
• experiences by about half of new mothers
• symptoms include: crying, sadness. Insomnia , irritability , anxiety, and lack of confidence
• “baby pinks” - manic episode ex: mother would clean the whole house and make dinner up to 3 weeks
Postpartum depression (15%)
• intense/ serious disorder - extreme sadness. Exhaustion, sleep disturbances, despair, lack of interest in enjoyable activities, loss of interest in the baby, feelings of guilt • develops within 6 months postpartum • lasts months • hormonal changes • social factors - stress -economic status, fewer resources - social support
• higher PPD in lesbian and African American women 25%
Lowest in Asian American 11%
Aneuploidy
Aneuploidy- change in chromosome number
• loss/ addition during mitosis/ meiosis
A. Nullisomy: loss of homologous chromosomes
• 21 autosomes
B. Monosomy: loss of a single chromosome from a pair
• one allele copy
C. Trisomy: addition of a single chromosome to a pair • three chromosomes
Down’s syndrome
chromosome, maternal age, physical and behavioral phenotypes, older age and lifespan
- Chromosome: trisomy in chromosome 21 (T21)
- Maternal age: > 45 = 3%
- Physical and behavioral phenotypes
- intellectual disabilities
- mild (IQ50-69) or moderate (ID 35-50)
- better language understanding than production
- short stature, stocky
- enlarged head
- large tongue, tonsils
- sleep apnea
•Older age
- Alzheimer’s diseases
- 15% at 40 years
- 50-70% at 60 years
• lifespan
50-55
- heart problems or infect
Tay- Sachs disease
- damage to nervous system
- single mutation on chromosome 15
- HEX A
- breaks down lipids
- toxic buildup of fat in the brain
•Damage to nervous system
- destruction of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord
• symptoms
- loss of motor abilities
- deaf, blind
- death and 4-8
- hydrocephalus & lesion
Sickle cell anemia
hemoglobin, symptoms, ethnicity, malaria
SNP on chromosome 11
• affects hemoglobin( red blood cells )
- crescent-shaped, rigid, fragile
• symptoms (6 months) - anemia - jaundice - abdominal/ joint pain = red blood cell obstruction - renal/ heart failure
• ethnicity
- African- Americans 10% = 1-600 births
- western/ central Africa
• malaria
- heterozygous carriers
Cystic fibrosis
Cftr gene, symptoms, ethnicity
Mutation in chromosome 7
• cftr gene
-production of sweat, digestive fluids, mucus
•symptoms
- no cure
- lung/ pancreas dysfunction
- stressful
- interferes with other types of development
•ethnicity
1 our of 3200 births ( Caucasian)
1 our of 15,000 births ( African- American)
Fragile X syndrome
phenotype, males, autism
Phenotype
- single codon repeat on X
• makes
- 1 our of 2000 makes
- more severe in males
• autism
1/3 similar to autism ( social interactions and delayed speech )
Cats cry syndrome
phenotype
Poor eye control , asymmetrical faces short stature
Prader-willi syndrome
distinct phenotypical phases, treatment
Distinct phenotypical stages:
- prenatal 2 years: slow growth poor muscle tone, small hands. And small feet
2-5 years: physical weakness
• treatment
( no cure)
Growth hormones , parent/ education counseling, diet/ nutrition, academic/ social programs, cognitive behavioral therapy
Taste, smell
Evident in newborns
Well developed by 1 year of age
Vision
Develops with brain
3-4 months= brightness, focus, primary colors
9 months= see small objects
1 year= track objects
Gross / fine motor control
• gross/ fine motor control- > emerged by year 2
- crawling, walking, grasping, etc…
- coordination of movements, explore environment
• years 2-6-> play years
- basic motor, perceptual,social, emotional skills
- enhance strength
- years 6-12-> additional physical growth, coordination
- puberty-> rapid, uneven growth
- height, weight, fat, muscles, organs
- hormone surge
Synaptic plasticity
Ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken overtime, in response to increases or decreases in their activity
Language
A. Newborns
• head orientation to mothers voice
• vocalizations
B. 12-18 months
• true words
• imitations
C. Holophrases
- food
- me
- up
D. School age
• 8,000 words
• sentences, grammar, tense
E. Late childhood ( abstraction, attention, metacognition)
• growth into abstraction -> encouraged by reading/ writing
• selective attention -> complex stimuli, problem solving
• metacognition -> thinking about thinking
- learning about task difficulty, problem-solving
Temperament
Behavioral/ personality tendencies
A. Newborns
• can be seen in newborns
- activity, reaction intensity, approach behavior, fussiness
• nature vs nurture
B. Binding/ attachment
• through close physical contact
•oxytocin
•occurs throughout life
Bonding/ attachment
Through close physical contact
Oxytocin
Occurs throughout life
Emotions
Attachment - parent interaction
• parent -child interaction -> sights. Sounds. Smells
• secure vs anxious / insecure attachment
- quality of care/ marriage, parent loss/ illness etc
Socialization
A. Learning values , behaviors of a culture
• learning healthy social interactions with peers , authority figures
• 8 months +
- social referencing -> attractiveness to social cues
- self awareness by year 2
- leads to self- regulation
• school years -> social cognition
- interactions with peer groups, learn social rules
B. Social norms/ expectations
• meeting developmental milestones
• developmental disabilities delay/ interfere in this
- direct effects
- secondary effects
Developmental disabilities
onset, serverity, permenance
A. Onset: must originate in early life (3 years of age)
- or before 21 years of age for an injury
Severity- must be severe enough to interfere with long term normal function
- independence -> self- care, self- direction, independent living, mobility, finances
- learning, social communication
Permanence: must persist throughout life
- epilepsy, ADHD sometimes “ go away”
Placenta
Placenta- filtering system, nutrients Placenta jam or a perfect filter Similar to blood brain barrier Drugs/ alcohol Medication Teratogens
Teratogens
Interrupt normal physiological development
- chemicals, metals, radiation, viruses, bacteria, drugs, maternal stresses
4 main endpoints of teratogenic action
- Death of embryo/ fetus
- Birth defects/ malformations
- Fetal growth defeciency, premature births
- Postnatal functional issues- cognitive , social, behavioral, emotional
• teratogens -> specific effects va general effects
Target access
Direct and indirect routes
• direct= through maternal tissue
• indirect= through maternal blood
Genetic determination
Susceptibility varies with species
• animal models are not perfect
Critical periods:
Time of exposure is important
• early stages be late stages of development
2-16 weeks
Mechanisms of action ( what a teratogens can do)
Genetic mutations, chromosomal abnormalities
Dose-effect relationship
Linear relationship between teratogens amount and impairment
Delayed effects
No observable effects at births
• usually affects sexual development
Rubella
German measles= virus
• children/ non- pregnant adults
- mild rash. Low fever , no damage
• early pregnancy 8 weeks
4 weeks ->50% risk
12 weeks 6% risk
Symptoms Heart defects Growth retardation Cataracts deafness altered brain development Microcephaly
Treatment
No cure
Treat symptoms fluids rest, meds Nsaids
Cytomegalovirus ( herpes)
Most common prenatal infection 23/1000 births
Primary infection, deactivation
• transmission through bodily fluids
- placenta, birth, breast milk
• first trimester = fatal
Symptoms 10-15% Growth retardation Cerebral palsy Deafness Intellectual disabilities Delayed effects
•Treatment
-non-pregnant =DNA inhibitors
Pregnant- none, prevention, immune boosters, termination
Chicken pox
Childhood= no lasting effects
Pregnant women
-first trimester 20%
•symptoms
- brain damage=hydrocephaly, microcephaly
- intellectual disabilities
-muscle atrophy, limb abnormalities, scarring
Treatment-> anti-viral drugs 30% risk
1/3 adults
Many people over 85
Toxoplasmosis
Parasite that comes specifically from the cat stool pregnant women should never change kitty litter
Animal tissue, fur, stool
Pregnant women (3%)
• symptoms= congenital toxoplasmosis
- microcephaly, hydrocephaly
- intellectual disabilities, visual defects( retina)
Treatment antibiotic
Influenza ( fever)
Influenza -> virus
- miscarriage , low birth weigh
- maternal fever
- altered organ development in embryo/fetus
- neural tube defects
- high body temperature??
- increased risk of bipolar and or schizophrenia
Treatment- treat symptoms ,anti- viral, vaccinations
