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HNFM Comprehensive > Detox & Biotrans > Flashcards

Detox & Biotrans Flashcards

1
Q

Detoxification

A

to remove the toxic quality of a substance

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2
Q

Biotransformation

A

the chemical modification made by an organism on a chemical compound

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3
Q

Xenobiotics

A

compounds foreign to the body (exogenous), which include: food additives, pesticides, solvents, plastics, industrial products

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4
Q

Within ____ to ____ seconds after first smelling a solvent, you go “nose blind”

A

30-60 seconds

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5
Q

How are xenobiotics absorbed?

A
  • Simple diffusion
  • Pores/skin
  • Specialized transport (lead via Ca & Fe absorption, cadmium via Fe absorption)
  • GI tract
  • Lungs
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6
Q

Where are xenobiotics stored in the body?

A
  • plasma protein bound (longer 1/2 life)
  • adipose tissue
  • bone accumulation
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7
Q

Do all xenobiotics effectively go through biotransformation?

A

No

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8
Q

Phase 1 is also known as

A

Functionalization

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9
Q

What happens during functionalization?

A

Responsible for the 1/2 life of a compound in the blood. Endogenous compounds are produced, and compounds are converted into metabolites (either more or less toxic than parent compound) to make them ready for Phase 2

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10
Q

Phase 2 is also known as

A

Conjugation

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11
Q

What happens during conjugation?

A

Metabolites from Phase 1 combine with endogenous molecules and usually become less toxic and more water soluble

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12
Q

Phase 3 is responsible for what?

A
  • excretion of xenobiotics

- prevention of recycling

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13
Q

Phase 1’s 3 main mechanisms are

A
  1. Hydrolysis
  2. Reduction (PON1)
  3. Oxidation (CYP450)
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14
Q

At what pH are xenobiotics recycled by the kidney back into circulation?

A

urine pH <7.4

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15
Q

Urine has to be at least what pH to excrete xenobiotics?

A

> 7.5

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16
Q

What 3 molecules are required for Phase 1?

A
  1. CYP450 (requires heme)
  2. NADPH or NADH CYP450 reductase
  3. Cytochrome b5 reductase
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17
Q

Under conditions of starvation or fasting, which one of the 3 required Phase 1 molecules is less available?

A

NADPH

18
Q

What are the 2 other requirements for Phase 1?

A
  1. oxygen

2. intact phospholipid matrix (messed up by trans fats)

19
Q

How many CYP450 families are found in humans?

A

18 families

20
Q

Where are most CYP450 enzymes found in the body?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum of the

  • liver
  • kidney
  • sm intestine
  • lung
  • adrenal glands
21
Q

Which 2 tissues are CYP450 enzymes NOT found?

A
  1. striated muscle

2. RBCs

22
Q

Majority (80%) of the CYP enzymes in the intestines are family….

A

3A4

23
Q

Which CYP families have multiple enzymes and are inducible?

A

1, 2, 3, 4

24
Q

What are the 4 main synthetic reactions (daily functions) of CYP?

A
  1. cholesterol –> bile acids, steroids
  2. Vit D hydroxylation
  3. Alkanes–> fatty acids
  4. Fatty acids –> eicosanoids (prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes)
25
Q

Induction of CYP enzymes requires ________ exposure

A

Regularly repeated exposure

26
Q

Inhibition of CYP enzymes requires _______ exposure

A

A single exposure

27
Q

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) ________ [suppress/stimulate] all CYP function

A

Suppress function

28
Q

Nutrients needed for Phase 1

A
  • Iron
  • Copper
  • Vit A
  • Vit B2
  • Vit B1
  • Selenium
29
Q

Organophosphates are not toxic to humans until…

A

metabolized by CYP 3A4 enzymes

30
Q

By-products of all Phase 1 activity will always result in ______ pro-oxidants

A

Elevated/increased

31
Q

Tests for CYP function include (3)

A
  1. erythromycin breath test
  2. antipyrene clearance test
  3. caffeine clearance test
32
Q

Important points to remember about Phase 1

A
  1. All about the 1/2 life
  2. hormone metabolism and production of anti-inflammatory molecules
  3. all Phase 1 produces free radicals
  4. Microbiome impacts CYP function greatly
  5. Inflammation impacts CYP function greatly
33
Q

Where is PON1 produced in the body?

A

Liver, carried on HDL through circulatory system

34
Q

PON1 levels and activity are directly related to prevention of what condition?

A

cardiovascular disease

35
Q

Caucasions have PON1 SNP in ____% of the population

A

75%

36
Q

Reduced PON1 is related to which conditions?

A
  • heart disease
  • diabetes (1&2)
  • viral hepatitis & cirrhosis
37
Q

Main activities of PON1

A
  1. antioxidant
  2. anti-inflammatory
  3. anti-fibrinolytic
38
Q

PON1 activity is reduced by

A

rancid oils/oxidized lipids

39
Q

PON1 activity is inversely associated with

A
  • BMI
  • % body fat
  • C-reactive protein
40
Q

What can increase PON1 activity?

A
  • exercise (aerobic & anaerobic)
  • Mediterranean diet
  • quercetin
  • green tea
  • blueberries
  • pomegranate juice
  • Hallawi dates
  • Vit C & E
  • black elderberry
  • EVOO
  • walnuts
  • aspirin
  • coconut oil
41
Q

PON1 summary

A
  • made in the liver, delivered through the body on HDL
  • antioxidant activity
  • anti-inflammatory
  • cardio protection
  • blood sugar regulation
  • neuroprotection
  • mood balancer
  • polymorphic
  • caucasians more likely to have deficiency (snps)
  • ox. stress and inflammation can reduce activity
  • mercury can reduce activity

HNFM Comprehensive (11 decks)

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