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ZOOL222: > Determinism: > Flashcards

Determinism: Flashcards

1
Q

When did the Ordovian-Silurian mass extinction occur?

A

440 mya

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2
Q

What were the major outcomes of the Ordovician-Silurian mass extinction?

A
  • 85% of marine species went extinct
  • rapid recovery - many surviving groups experienced rapid diversification
  • rise of fish groups - survival of Cartilagenous fish, bony fish, and armoured fish
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3
Q

When did the end Devonian extinction happen?

A

365 mya

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4
Q

What were the major survivors and extinctions of the end of the Devonian mass extinction?

A

Survivors: ray-finned fish, early tetrapods, sharks, conodonts
Extinct: placoderms (apex predators), many jawless fish, acanthodians

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5
Q

When did the end Permian mass extinction occur?

A

250 mya

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6
Q

What were the major survivors and extinctions that happened at the End Permian mass extinction?

A

Survivors: therapsids, early archosauromorphs, ancestors of modern amphibians, cynodonts

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7
Q

What were the major survivors and extinctions that happened at the End Permian mass extinction?

A

Survivors: therapsids, early archosauromorphs, ancestors of modern amphibians, cynodonts
Extinctions: primitive synapsids, large Temnospondyls

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8
Q

When was the Triassic-Jurassic mass extinction?

A

210 mya

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9
Q

What were the major outcomes of the Triassic-Jurassic mass extinction?

A
  • dinosaurs adapted and became dominant terrestrial vertebrates
  • pterosaurs survived and continued to diversify
  • early mammals survived by occupying diverse niches
    Extinctions: conodonts, ammonoids, non-mammalian therapsids, large Temnospondyls amphibian
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10
Q

How did mammals survive the K-T extinction, and what advantages did they have?

A
  • Small size protected them from abiotic factors
  • Generalist diets
  • Endothermic adaptation allowed temperature regulation
  • Diverse abilities (climbing, burrowing, swimming, gliding)
  • Ability to quickly fill vacant niches
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11
Q

What are the main reasons for survival after mass extinctions?

A
  • Adaptability to changing environmental conditions
  • Occupation of diverse niches
  • Size advantage (smaller animals often had better survival rates)
  • Habitat flexibility
  • Dietary flexibility
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12
Q

Why did apex predators often go extinct during mass events?

A
  • specialisation
  • resource requirements
  • population dynamics
  • position in food chain
  • size
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13
Q

How can mass extinctions be used to argue for determinism in evolution?

A
  • Victims of extinctions share common traits, indicating predictability in extinction patterns
  • Extinction events can accelerate evolution by increasing evolvability
  • Creation of ecological opportunities and new niches for survivors to radiate into
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14
Q

How does the convergent evolution of powered flight support the argument for determinism?

A
  • Flight evolved independently in pterosaurs (230 mya), birds (150 mya), and bats (50 mya)
  • Highlights a deterministic trend towards exploiting aerial niches
  • Suggests predictable evolutionary outcomes under similar environmental pressures
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15
Q

What are the key points about the convergent evolution of endothermy?

A
  • evolved independantly in mammals (200-280 mya) and birds (150-160 mya)
  • provides advantages in maintaining stable body temperatures
  • suggest a deterministic trend towards active lifestyles across diverse environments
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16
Q

What were the major key innovations during the Cambrian explosion (540 mya)?

A
  • Notochord: pikaia (first basal chordate)
  • bilateral symmetry
  • complex eyes
  • shells and exoskeleton
  • appendages
  • segmentation
17
Q

How did the evolution of jaws impact animal diversity?

A
  • first occurred in placoderms and acanthodians (450 mya - Silurian)
  • led to diversification in feeidng behaviours
  • allowed exploitation of different resources
  • prompted further innovations (e.g., pharyngeal jaws in wrasses and cichlids)
18
Q

What was the significance of the amniotic egg as a key innovation?

A
  • evolved 310-320 mya
  • allowed tetrapods to become fully terrestrial
  • enables radiation into habitats far form water bodies
  • opened up new ecological opportunities
  • deterministic solution to terrestrial reproduction
  • did not have to evolve again as it allowed for rapid diversification
19
Q

How can key innovations be used to argue for determinism in evolution?

A
  • Functional constraints lead to predictable evolutionary outcomes
  • Provide significant adaptive advantages under similar environmental pressures
  • Conservation of body plans and Hox genes suggests deterministic solutions
  • Physical and biological constraints channel evolution towards certain innovations
  • Enhance performance and fitness, favoring survival through natural selection
  • Lead to predictable ecological shifts when opportunities arise
20
Q

Why did rapid diversification occur in the Cambrian explosion (540 mya)?

A

Predators started to evolve true to key innovations, which forced prey to also evolve -> evolutionary arms race

21
Q

Why did Pikaia survive the Cambrian?

A

They remained small but had a notochord that allowed them to move fast and away from prey without the constraints of having a large body

22
Q

What was a major event that happened during the Carboniferous period (360-300 mya)?

A

Emergence and diversification of early amphibians

23
Q

What major events happened during the Cambrian:

A
  • rapid diversification of animal life - most major animal phyla appeared in the fossil record
  • evolution of hard body parts
  • Piakaia evolved and survived (505 mya)
24
Q

What major events happened in the Ordovician period (490-440 mya)?

A
  • significant increase in marine diversity
  • evolution of fish
  • cephalopods became the dominant predators in the ocean
  • end of the Ordovician = major extinction event
25
Q

What major events happened during the Silurian (440-420 mya):

A
  • colonisation of lan by vascular plants and arthropods
  • evolution of jawed vertebrates (fish)
  • rapid recovery after the extinction
  • fish moved into freshwater environments
26
Q

What major events happened during the Devonian (420-360 mya)?

A
  • age of the fishes
  • plants formed earths first forests = increase atmospheric oxygen
  • diversification of placoderms - dominant marine predators
  • Cartilagenous fish = skates and rays
  • emergence of tetrapods from water to land
  • mass extinction at the end = extinction of placoderms = opens up ecological niche for apex predator
27
Q

What major events happened during the Carboniferous (360-300 mya)?

A
  • evolution of the amniotic egg = fully terrestrial tetrapods (early reptiles)
  • amphibians were the dominant land vertebrates
28
Q

What major events happened during the Permian (300-250 mya)?

A
  • large loss of amphibians and early reptile groups
  • mass extinction at the end
29
Q

What major events happened during the Triassic (250-200 mya)?

A
  • recovery from mass extinction
  • first dinosaurs and first mammals (late Triassic)
  • emergence of pterosaurs
  • giant marine reptiles: ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs appeared
  • appearance of frogs, salamanders, crocs, turtles, and snakes
  • end Triassic mass extinction
30
Q

What major events happened during the Jurassic (200-150 mya)?

A
  • appearance of first birds (evolved from theropod dinosaurs)
  • evolution of therian mammals, including primitive placentals
  • Dino’s became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates
31
Q

What major events happened during the Cretaceous (150-65 mya)?

A
  • diversification and dominance of Dino’s
  • evolution of modern bird groups
  • diversification of mammals, though still quite small and relatively rare
  • end Cretaceous mass extinction - wiped out non-avian dinosaurs
32
Q

What major events happened during the Cenozoic (65 mya - now)?

A
  • extinction of dinosaurs
  • mammals diversified
  • first hominids appeared in the late Cenozoic = evolution of humans

ZOOL222: (6 decks)

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