Determining Relatedness

Question 1

structural morphology

Answer 1

similarity in patterns of anatomical structures

Question 2

homologous structures

Answer 2

features with common ancestral origin that have the same general structure, but evolved to have different functions

Question 3

vestigial structures

Answer 3

remaining structures that have lost its original function due to evolution

Question 4

molecular homology

Answer 4

similarity of patterns in the nucleotide sequences of DNA/amino acid sequences from different organisms

Question 5

DNA as evidence of relatedness

Answer 5

closely related species will show a greater number of similarities in base sequences of common genes
+ easy to compare due to limited building molecules in DNA

Question 6

amino acids as evidence of relatedness

Answer 6

closely related species will have more similarities in amino acid sequences
+ not as accurate due to multiple codons coding for the same amino acid

Question 7

mtDNA in determining relatedness

Answer 7

important for tracing evolutionary relationships within a species
- maternal inheritance (more direct genetic lineage)
- no recombination (maintains sequence fidelity)
- high andknownmutation rate (highly oxidising environment
- contains many copies (all cells have mitochondria, so large amounts of mtDNA)

Question 8

phylogeny

Answer 8

the study of evolutionary history of an organism or a group of organisms by looking at the line of descent

Question 9

Phylograms

Answer 9

scaled branches and quantified off of the time or molecular change over time

Question 10

Cladograms

Answer 10

unscaled and highlights relatedness based on the hypothesis of evolutionary history