Determinants Of Health, Natural History Of Disease, levels Of Prevention, And Principles And Strategies Of Disease Prevention And Control

Question 1

Two classifications of the field of medicine

Answer 1

1. Preventive and Community (Social) Medicine

2. Clinical and Curative Medicine

Question 2

Preventive Medicine
1. When was this developed

2. What is the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health done through organized community measures such as control of infection, sanitation, health education, health services, and legislation.
3. Studying man as a social being in his total environment, including societal factors which may influence health outcome
4. Field of medical science concerned with the relationship of the various factors and conditions that determine the frequencies and distributions of infectious processes, diseases, or physiologic states in a human community
5. Usually interchangeable with social medicine but focuses more on health and diseases within a population of a defined community or group
6. Concerned with the total health of the individual, the family, and the community; aims to provide holistic patient-centered, family-focused, community-oriented health care

Answer 2

1. After Louis Pasteur conceptualized Germ Concept of Communicable Disease
2. Public Health
3. Social Medicine
4. Epidemiology
5. Community medicine
6. Family Medicine

Question 3

Six Building Blocks of Health Systems

Goals or outcomes?

Answer 3

1. Leadership/governance
2. Health care financing
3. Health workforce
4. Medical products, technologies
5. Information and research
6. Service delivery

Goals/outcomes

1. Improved health
2. Responsiveness
3. Financial risk protection
4. Improved efficiency

Question 4

Communicable vs. Contagious Disease?

Answer 4

Communicable - illness due to specific infectious agents or their toxic products; diseases of man/animal resulting from the entry, development, or multiplication of specific pathogens in the body of man/animal

Contagious diseases
-illness arising only through direct transmission of the infectious agent from the reservoir to the susceptible host.

*All contagious diseases are communicable and infectious BUT NOT ALL COMMUNICABLE are infectious diseases and contagious.

Question 5

Social Determinants of Health

1. Define
2. Give 8 examples

Answer 5

1. Childhood Experience
2. Communities
3. Education
4. Employment
5. Family Income
6. Access to Health Services
7. Social Support
8. Housing

Question 6

Root of health inequities

Answer 6

Social Gradient in Health

Question 7

Epidemiologic triad

Answer 7

Interplay of environment, agent, and host, and the interactions among the three acted upon by:

1. Force of Resistance
2. Force of Infection

Question 8

“Epidemiologic lever”

Answer 8

When environment, host, and agent are all at a balance and in equilibrium, no disease takes place.

Question 9

Spectrum of infection (3 phases)

Answer 9

1. No infection: no sickness
2. Unrecognized infection: Host gets exposed but doesn’t manifest any symptoms
   A. Carrier stage - infectious agent enters the body but no visible sign of interaction due to presence of strong force resistance
   B. Missed case: immune system is strong and person doesn’t manifest signs and symptoms
3. Clinically recognizable: Immune system does not overcome the sickness, it becomes a clinically recognizable case that can be classified accdg to severity:
   Mild, Moderate, Severe Infection, Death

Question 10

Pre-pathogenesis. Factors?

Answer 10

Preliminary interaction wherein patient doesn’t manifest any signs and symptoms and man is not involved but the interaction between agent and host is present.

Factors:
A. Inherent within Agent
>Biological
>Physical
>Chemical

B. In relation to man
>Pathogenicity
>Infectivity
>Virulence
>Antigenicity

C. In relation to the environment
1. In relation to Reservoir
>Human, Animals, Inanimate
2. In relation to Transmission
>Physical, biological, and social environment

Host Factors
Unmodifiable: Age, Sex, Race/Ethnicity
Modifiable: Genetics, Personality, Lifestyle/Habits

Environmental Factors
Social, Culture, Climate, Biological, Vectors

Question 11

Process of infection reqs

Answer 11

1. Suitable reservoir & host and satisfactory portal of entry & accessible portal of exit

Question 12

Pathogenesis outcomes

Answer 12

1. Wasn’t able to lodge
2. Lodge, multiply but wasn’t able to produce obvious disease
3. Lodge, multiply, and causes significant signs and symptoms ghjfghxdfgdh lol

Question 13

Stages of Pathogenesis?

Answer 13

1. Pre-clinical
   - Incubation
2. Clinical
   - Prodrome
   - Frank Illness
   - Chronic Stage
3. Resolution

Question 14

Methods of Disease Prevention

Answer 14

A Channels of Transmission

R Contact of Agent and Susceptible Host

E Agent of Disease

A Host defense mech

Question 15

Levels of Disease Prevention

Answer 15

Primordial Prevention
-by making healthy environments (infrastructures, policies regulation, resources)

Primary Prevention
-Prevent onset of disease (health promotion: within & outside health sector; specific protection: immunization, chemoprophylaxis, nutrient supplementation, occupational safety)

Secondary Prevention
-early diagnosis and prompt treatment for improved prognosis and patient outcome

Tertiary (Late pathogenesis)

1. Disability Limitation
2. Rehabilitation

Quaternary Prevention
-PROTECTION OF PATIENTS FROM UNNECESSARY TESTS/INTERVENTION OF THE HEALTH SYSTEM

Question 16

What is social drift?

Answer 16

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