Détente Flashcards
Gulf of Tonkin resolution, which led to increased US involvement in
1964
Gulf of Tonkin resolution purpose was to:
Approve and support the determination of the president as commander in chief, in taking all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the US forces and to prevent further aggression
Gulf of Tonkin resolution also declared that the maintenance of international peace and security in South East Asia was vital to
American interests and to world peace
Gulf of Tonkin resolution also served as the principal constitutional authorisation for the subsequent vast escalation of the US’
military involvement in the Vietnam war
Brezhnev became Soviet leader in:
1964
Brezhnev was a conservative, therefore brought back a
hard-line approach
As a result of Brezhnev’s hard-line approach he reversed many of the
reforms and freedoms introduced by Khrushchev
Khrushchev and Mao resorted to bitter personal attacks in 1964, which further deteriorated
Sino-Soviet relations
US bombing of North Vietnam occurred in
1965
USSR develops its policy of trying to isolate China in international affairs by strengthening its ties with
mongolia
North Korea
North Vietnam
Mao launches Cultural Revolution in:
1966
Cultural Revolution was Mao’s attempt to:
reassert his beliefs in China
Cultural revolution destroyed ‘old china’ and replaced it with communist values. Mao believed that the Russian Revolution had stalled and gone astray known as
socialist realism
To carry out support for Cultural Revolution - Red Guard were created. Red Guard is groups of youth who encouraged all the youth in China to criticise those who Mao deemed
untrustworthy
(CR) Mao deliberately set out to create a cult for himself and to purge the Communist Chinese Party of anyone who did not fully support
Mao
(CR) Enthusiasm of the Red Guards nearly pushed China into social turmoil. Schools and colleges were closed and the economy started to suffer. The chaos was only checked when Zhou Enlai (China Prime Minister) urged for a return to
normality
(CR) Red Guard were given the job of cleansing out
western values
(CR) The cultural revolution was condemned by:
Moscow
Mao used the Cultural revolution to link foreign and domestic policy, in order to strengthen his position as leader of China and of the movement for world revolution. Revisionism among the communist movement was now a much greater threat than
USA - now considered to be a declining power
China’s 1st hydrogen bomb
1967
Mao attacks USSR leadership as revisionist increase during the cultural revolution - attacks revisionist elements in China in
1968
Non-Proliferation treaty
1968
the non-proliferation treaty was an agreement signed by several of the major nuclear and non-nuclear powers that pledged their cooperation in
stemming the spread of nuclear technology
Non-Proliferation treaty promoted the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and to further the goal of achieving
nuclear disarmament
3 pillars of NPT:
Non-proliferation
Disarmament
Peaceful use of nuclear energy
(NPT) Non-proliferation: Nuclear Weapon States (CHINA, USSR, FRANCE, UK, USA) agreed
not to transfer “nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices” and “not in any way to assist, encourage, or induce” a non-nuclear weapon state (NNWS) to acquire nuclear weapons
(NPT) Disarmament:
desire of treaty signatories to ease international tension and strengthen international trust so as to create someday the conditions for a halt to the production of nuclear weapons, and treaty on general and complete disarmament that liquidates, in particular, nuclear weapons and their delivery vehicles from national arsenals
(NPT) Peaceful use of nuclear energy: allows for and agrees upon the transfer of nuclear technology and materials to NPT signatory countries for the development of
civilian nuclear energy programs in those countries, as long as they can demonstrate that their nuclear programs are not being used for the development of nuclear weapons.
Brezhnev Doctrine:
1968
Brezhnev doctrine stated that any communist state going against central ideas of soviet communism would be
invaded
Brezhnev doctrine upset china - mao believed that Brezhnev would invade China like it had done with Czechoslovakia, as mao believed that USSR wanted full control over every
communist state
Prague Spring/Soviet invasion of czechoslovakia occurred:
1968
Prague Spring is the term used for the brief period of time when Czechoslovakian government led by Dubcek who seemingly wanted to democratise the nation and reduce the control Moscow had on the nation’s…
affairs
(Prague Spring) Dubcek embarked on a programme of reform that would have brought back a degree of
political democracy and greater personal freedom
(Prague Spring) what reforms were made by Dubcek?
- Freedom of press and press law
- Freedom of movement
- Federalisation of Republic
- Decentralisation - market orientated environment
(Prague Spring) Brezhnev saw the reforms as a return to
capitalism
(Prague Spring) Dubcek assured Brezhnev that he would stay in the Warsaw Pact - Brezhnev still invaded Czechoslovakia with the impression that the troops represented the Warsaw pact in order for Brezhnev to
reassert the authority of Moscow - BREZHNEV DOCTRINE - warned other communist countries that they would be invaded if went against Moscow (maintain control in Eastern side of Iron Curtain)
Nixon = president =
1969
Brandt = chancellor of FRG =
1969
Ussuri river dispute occured in … and represented that…
1969
sino-soviet relations had reached their lowest
Chinese and US ambassadors meet in
1970
USSR-FRG Moscow treaty occurred:
1970
USSR-FRG Moscow treaty signed between FRG and USSR aimed to strive for a normalisation of the relations between the European states while keeping international peace and to follow the UN guidelines. The signees renounced the use of force and recognised the post WWII broders (Oder-Neisse Line)
It also enshrined the division between East and West Germany, thus contributing a valuable element of
stability into the relationship between the 2 countries
Warsaw treaty was signed
1970
Warsaw treaty was a treaty between West Germany and People’s Republic of Poland, both sides committed themselves to nonviolence and accepted the existing border (Oder-Neisse line)
Treaty of Warsaw was an important element of the
Ostpolitik
Ping-Pong diplomacy occurred in
1971
Ping-pong diplomacy created tentative contacts between the Chinese and US governments whereby sporting links between the 2 countries were used as opportunities to
start diplomacy
