Details of Eleven Body Systems Flashcards
Three parts of integumentary
Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
Epidermis
Protects: covers surface/deeper tissue
Vit D made here
Nerve endings
Dermis
Lots of nerve structures for sensations
Nutrient vessels that support epidermis
Sweat glands for thermo-regulation
Breast tissues - considered modified sweat gland
Hypodermis
Fat stores
Two parts of muscular system (skeletal muscles)
Axial - central core
Appendicular - arms/legs - provide movement to limbs; suppport/brace/move limbs
What does the muscular system do?
Provides movement
Provides heat (shivering)
Supports skeleton
Protects soft tissue
What are tendons?
Fibrous connections between muscle and a bone
eg. achilles tendon
What are aponeuroses?
Most often muscle-muscle connections
Fibrous connection between two different muscles
Two parts of skeletal system
Axial - skull and down through vertebrae
Appendicular - arms/limbs/pelvis - supports limbs/position in space
Cartilage
Bone interface
Where bone is rubbing on bone there’s cartilage to act as a buffer
Two types of cartilage
Hyaline: ribs, joints eg. chest to sternum
Fibro (discs)
What is a ligament?
Fibrous material that joins bones together
Inside skeleton is…?
Bone marrow
Two types of bone marrow
Red: makes majority of red blood cells in flat bones (pelvis, sternum, skull, some ribs)
Yellow: stores fat cells
Two parts of nervous system
Central Nervous System
Peripheral
Central Nervous System
Brain - complex integrative activities + below consciousness (involuntary) acitvities - eg. standing
Spinal cord - reflex arc mediated here, acts before brain registers eg. recoiling after touching something hot
Peripheral Nervous System
links CNS with other systems and sense organs
Endocrine - pineal (brain)
day/night rhythms
Endocrine - hypothalamus (brain)
controls many other endocrine glands
Where is the thyroid gland? (endocrine)
Sits at the front of the trachea - saddles either side of the trachea
What is the purpose of the thymus? (endocrine)
Maturation of lymphocytes
Adrenal glands (endocrine)
Lots of functions
Involved in water + mineral balance
Adrenaline is released from here - flight/fight response
Kidneys (endocrine)
Secrete lots of hormones for red blood cell production
Pancreas (endocrine)
Glucose control
Gonads (endocrine)
Sexual characteristics and reproduction
What is pituitary? (endocrine hormone)
Growth hormone
Too much GH from childhood - gigantism
Too much GH as an adult - acromegaly
Three parts of lymphatic system
Lymphatic fluids, lymphatic vessels and cells (B cells and T cells)
Give an example of a lymphatic node
Tonsils
Spleen
Produces a lot of white blood cells - immune response
Explain the process of fluid collection of the lymphatic system
Heart pumps blood
Blood flows out arteries to capillaries
Some of that fluid goes to nourish tissues
This fluid needs to get back into the circulatory system - does so through the lymphatic system
Collects fluids, passes through nodes and re-enters venous system
Otherwise fluid would just stay in the tissues
What does the lymphatic system do with lipids?
Takes lipids from guts
Three main parts of the cardiovascular system
Blood, blood vessels, heart
Arteries
Blood from heart to capillaries
Capillaries
Fine blood vessels - diffusion between blood and interstitial fluids
Veins
Blood from capillaries back to heart
What is the role of blood?
Transports O2, CO2 removal Transports nutrients/hormones Removes waste Temperature regulation Defence against illness - immune cells
Top to bottom of the respiratory system
Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli
Lungs - acid-base control
What is the trachea? (respiratory)
Pipe you can feel at the front of throat - takes air down to the bronchi in the lungs
What happens when you hyperventilate? (respiratory)
Fingers tingle/light-headedness due to change in pH
What does the oral cavity do? (digestive)
Breaks down food using teeth and tongue
What do the salivary glands do? (digestive)
Buffers/lubricates
Enzymes that begin digestion
What does the pharynx do? (digestive)
Solid food/liquid to the oesophagus
Protects respiratory system
Oesophagus (digestive)
Delivers food to stomach
Stomach (digestive)
Secretes acids
Enzymes/hormones
What type of absorption mostly occurs in the small intestine?
Nutrient absorption
What type of absorption mostly occurs in the large intestine?
Water absorptions
What does the liver do?
digestive
Secretes bile
What does the gallbladder do?
digestive
Concentrates bile - helps to break down fat so you can absorb it further down
Pancreas (digestive)
Makes various digestive enzymes that help break down food
Guts (digestive)
Rhythmic contractions to move food along digestive system
What does the kidney do in the urinary system?
Forms and concentrates urine, regulates pH and blood volume/pressure
What does the ureter do? (urinary)
Conducts urine to bladder
What does the bladder do? (urinary)
Stores urine prior to elimination
What does the urethra do? (urinary)
Conducts urine to exterior
What does the kidney do in the endocrine system/what does EPO do?
Produces erythropoietin (EPO) - powerful hormone
Acts on blood-making capacities of bone marrow
Can make it in labs + inject yourself
Will make more red blood cells = more oxygen
Main parts of reproductive system (three)
Testes - produces sperm/hormones (also in endocrine system)
Ovaries - also in endocrine system
Mammary glands in female reproductive/integumentary systems
