Details

Question 1

Oxidative Damage

Answer 1

C -> T

Question 2

Base Alkylation

Answer 2

G -> O6-meG, bp w/ T

Question 3

Base Adduct

Answer 3

G-BPDE bp w/ A

Question 4

Steps of Excision

Answer 4

Recognition, Endonuclease, Exonuclease, DNA Pol, DNA Ligase

Question 5

BER

Answer 5

Glycosylase recognizes and remove incorrect base

Question 6

NER

Answer 6

TFIIH unwinds and endonuclease cuts backbone 30 bp around lesion. Can be Global or txn-coupled

Question 7

Mismatch Repair

Answer 7

MSH and MLH recognize and endonucleate. Helicase unwinds. Recognize nicks in lagging and leading new strands. RNAase H2 exonucleates)

Question 8

Avery, McCloud and McCarty

Answer 8

DNA hereditary material, Transformed pneumococcus from R (benign) to S (deadly)

Question 9

Tm

Answer 9

Melting temperature. Where 50% of the DS are melted

Question 10

CpG Sequences

Answer 10

Palindrome like C-G combinations. Gets methylated.

Question 11

Processive/Distributuive

Answer 11

Processive is carried out by one enzyme while distributive uses multiple enzmes

Question 12

p53 significance

Answer 12

Major regulatory txn factor (Cancer

Question 13

RNA Polymerase parts

Answer 13

Clamp, jaws, bridge helix. C terminal domain important for splicing, elongation factors and can be phosphorylated

Question 14

TATA box

Answer 14

Exists in promoter and bound by tata binding proteins

Question 15

TFIIH, CDK7

Answer 15

Phosphorylates CTD of RNA Polto help with promoter clearance and unbind preinitiation complex

Question 16

Capping Transcript

Answer 16

7-methylGTP bound reversibly to 5’ end. CBC binds 7me within nucleus and transports to cytoplasm, also plays role in splicing, and starting poly a tail. eIF4E binds in nucleus to initiate tln. No eIF4E causes degradation of mRNA

Question 17

Consensus Sequences

Answer 17

5’ splice site: GA
3’ splice site: UG
Termination: AAUAAA

Question 18

Splicing

Answer 18

Cross exon proteins designate boundaries.
Step 1: 2’ –OH of branch point attacks 3’ P on 5’ splice site
Step 2: 3’ –OH attacks 5’ P of the 3’ splice site

Question 19

Poly Adenylation

Answer 19

After AAUAAA. Stability, protection, transport, circularizing. Long poly A tail can keep mRNA around longer. Different poly A tails can produce bound and free IgM

Question 20

Homeodomain

Answer 20

Helix Loop Helix. composed of 3 alpha-helices. Regulates growth and development

Question 21

Zinc Finger

Answer 21

3 loops with cysteine and zinc. Dimerize

Question 22

Basic Leucine Zipper

Answer 22

Leucine residues and dimers

Question 23

Helix-Loop-Helix

Answer 23

Hydrophobic residueswith

Question 24

Repressor Action

Answer 24

Competitive binding of the same enhancer
Bind to and inactivate an activator
Bind directly to other txn factors to inhibit initiation

Question 25

Trans acting factors (Proteins)

Answer 25

Reg nuclear entry Reg amount of txn factor in cell Reg binding to DNA Phosphorylation of DNA-BP to change properties

Question 26

IkB binds NF-kB and stops entry into nucleus

Answer 26

Phosphorylation of IkB leads to ubiquitination and degredation The freed NF-kB moves to nucleus to initiate inflammation Aspirin inhibits phosphorylation of IkB and stops inflammatory response

Question 27

Beta-Catenin

Answer 27

Beta-Catenin is regulated through APC binding and causing degredation Wnt signal inactivates APC allowing for Beta-Catenin to act as txn factor and upreg Wnt genes APC represses tumors in colon

Question 28

P53 can activate the apoptotic or growth suppressor pathways

Answer 28

MDM2 degrades p53 and can reduce cellular protection from mutations Present in cancers that don’t undergo apoptosis

Question 29

Creb Regulation

Answer 29

Creb is phosphorylated which allows binding to DNA and recruitment of CBP (a HAT)

Question 30

Bacterial initiation of translation

Answer 30

IF1 binds A site of small subunit IF3 binds small subunit IF2 binds formylmethionine tRNA to the P Hydrolysis of GTP on IF2 releases initiation factors and binds large subunit

Question 31

Eukaryotic initiation of translation

Answer 31

Ribosome binds cap and scans to first AUG | Kozak sequences can provide context and up/down regulate which genes are tln

Question 32

Missense Mutation

Answer 32

Change AA

Question 33

Silent Mutation

Answer 33

No change in AA

Question 34

Nonsense Mutation

Answer 34

Change to stop codon

Question 35

Sense Mutation

Answer 35

Change to miss stop codon

Question 36

Psuedoknots

Answer 36

Frameshift recoding by slipping tRNA 1 BP

Question 37

Cap-independent binding

Answer 37

Viral mRNA can tln without cap binding proteins

Question 38

apoB

Answer 38

mRNA is modified after txn to cause nonsense mutation

Question 39

Protein Chaperones

Answer 39

HSP 70, 40, Chaperonin