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LMAP - YR2 > Designing Epidemiological Studies > Flashcards

Designing Epidemiological Studies Flashcards

1
Q

What is descriptive epidemiology?

A

describes the problem at an aggregated level - can be used to inform later analytic research

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2
Q

What is analytic epidemiology?

A

deploy + test hypotheses, often at a personal-level through which association can be measured and causation inferred

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3
Q

What are 5 types of epidemiology investigations that are descriptive epidemiology?

A 
→ case report
→ case series
→ cross-sectional
→ longitudinal
→ ecological
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4
Q

Which of the two types of descriptive epidemiology can also employ analytical hypotheses?

A

→ cross-sectional

→ ecological

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5
Q

What are the 3 epidemiological dimensions?

A

→ person
→ place
→ time

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6
Q

What is a statistic?

A

fixed value, derived from a sample that estimates the value in the population

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7
Q

What is a parameter?

A

fixed, often unknown value, which describes an entire population

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8
Q

What is a case report?

A

→ used to communicate new diseases, new presentations or findings
→ now more about the unusual findings

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9
Q

What is a case series?

A

more than one case report

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10
Q

What is a cross-sectional study?

A

→ a “snapshot” of the exposure + outcome

→ describes the prevalence of a condition across a population at a single point in time e.g. survey

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11
Q

What is a longitudinal study?

A

describe the prevalence or incidence of an exposure or outcome over time e.g. surveys asked again and again over time

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12
Q

What is a confidence interval?

A

range of values within which we are 95% confident the true value lies

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13
Q

What is an ecological study?

A

d

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14
Q

What are the advantages of an ecological study?

A

d

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15
Q

What is aggregated data in comparison to person-level data?

A

d

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16
Q

What is a primary data?

A

data collected by the researcher first-hand for the purpose of the investigation

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17
Q

What is secondary data?

A

data collected for another purpose + potentially “recycled”

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18
Q

What is routinely collected data?

A

collect data from the mainstream day-to-day demography + epidemiology in the field

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19
Q

What is non-routinely collected data?

A

a natural consequence to primary data - included surveys and other datasets (usually expensive + time-consuming)

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20
Q

What is data linkage?

A

involves joining two or more datasets together to find out more analytically

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21
Q

What are the 2 types of analytic investigation?

A

→ observational (only observes)

→ experimental (can manipulate and interfere with exposure of certain factors)

22
Q

What is a case control study?

A

d

23
Q

How do you calculate odds of exposure in cases?

A

d

24
Q

How do you calculate odds of exposure in controls?

A

d

25
Q

How do you calculate the odds ratio?

A

d

26
Q

What kind of bias can case control studies fall victim to?

A

recall bias

27
Q

What are cohort studies?

A

→ analytical observational study design
→ involves a group of ppl without disease being observed over time
→ some of target population would have been exposed to the exposure and over time, follow-up on them to see if they develop the disease

28
Q

How do you calculate relative risk?

A

→ relative risk = incidence in exposed / incidence in unexposed
→ focus on the exposure as the variable

29
Q

What are randomised controlled trials?

A

→ experimental studies that compare the effectiveness of 2 or more studies
→ always has control group and the treatment groups

30
Q

What is valued more in terms of evidence, experimental or observational?

A

→ experimental

→ has more robust evidence

31
Q

What are placebo controlled trials?

A

the control group uses a placebo

32
Q

What is a major limitation of observational study designs?

A

observed groups may differ in characteristics other than the variable of interest

33
Q

What are the sources of bias in a trial?

A

→ patient being treated
→ clinical staff administering treatment
→ physician assessing the treatment
→ team interpreting results

34
Q

What are the two types of blinding in a trial?

A

→ single blinding

→ double blinding

35
Q

What is performance bias?

A

systematic differences between groups in care that is provided, or in exposure to factors other than the exposure of interest

36
Q

What is detection bias?

A

systematic differences between groups in outcomes are determined

37
Q

Which type of blinding is better? Why?

A

→ double blinding
→ prevents performance + detection bias
→ can prevent withdrawals from studies

38
Q

What is meant by the power of a study?

A

the ability to detect an effect or association between variables if it exists

39
Q

What increases the power of a study?

A

increasing the sample size

40
Q

Why is blinding not always possible?

A

→ can be hard to keep the administer blind e.g. a surgeon doing a surgical technique
→ can be hard to keep the patient blind e.g. ethically patient should know what’s going on with surgery

41
Q

What is a triple blind test?

A

participants / patients AND attending clinicians AND analysis team are not aware which arm of the trial participants are in

42
Q

What is allocation concealment in a blind trial?

A

step in randomisation that attempts to prevent persons involved in the trial from knowing the allocation of participants to study arms

43
Q

What are the 3 main statistical factors that push the sample size up or down?

A

→ difference between the groups
→ study’s power (aiming for 80%)
→ study’s alpha (how much you want to rule out chance causing a positive finding)

44
Q

What else needs to be considered when choosing sample size?

A

loss to follow-up (normal to lose up to 15% of sample size)

45
Q

What is Type 1 error?

A

false positives

46
Q

How is Type 1 error overcome?

A

by the p-value = probability of obtaining a result as extreme as the observed results of a statistical test, assuming null hypothesis is correct = probability of getting a false positive

47
Q

What is the range that’s normally seen as statistically significant for a p-value?

A

p-value < 0.05

48
Q

Why are p-values not as useful as they seem?

A

→ multiple analyses will point you back to below 0.05 even if there is no real difference
→ p-value does not imply clinical significance

49
Q

What is a Type 2 error?

A

false negatives

50
Q

What is the difference between clinical significance and statistical significance?

A

B

LMAP - YR2 (2 decks)

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