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Product Design (2018) > Design Process, Specification and Conceptual Design > Flashcards

Design Process, Specification and Conceptual Design Flashcards

1
Q

List the Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs).

A 
0 - Idea
1 - Basic Research
2 - Technology Formulation
3 - Applied Research
4 - Small Scale Prototype
5 - Large Scale Prototype
6 - Prototype System
7 - Demonstration System
8 - First of a Kind Commercial System
9 - Full Commercial Application
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2
Q

List the 8 Design objectives of car design.

A
  • Cost
  • Technical Performance
  • Environment
  • Aesthetics
  • Safety
  • Ergonomics
  • Luxury
  • Reliability
  • Manufacturing
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3
Q

List the four key future developments.

A
  • Electric cars
  • Robotics
  • Renewable energy
  • Domestic products
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4
Q

What are the 3 types of design?

A

Incremental - Minor changes/improvements (low risk). Common in industries with mature products.

Adaptive - Significant changes/improvements to sub-systems (medium risk). Common when significant new technologies come along.

Original - Major changes/improvements (high risk). Usually only when there is an acute need for change.

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5
Q

List the product life-cycle given by BS 7000-2.

A
  • Trigger
  • Product planning
  • Feasibility study
  • Design
  • Development
  • Production
  • Distribution
  • Operation
  • Disposal
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6
Q

What is the Pahl and Beitz design process model?

A
  • Top-down design process that starts with abstract ideas and finishes with complete details.
  • Advantage: distinct stages make the process more manageable.
  • Concurrent design is where the stages overlap (feasible for incremental design).
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7
Q

What is the Double Diamond design process model?

A

Can be broken down into 4 stages:

  • Discover: divergent stage where users and markets are researched.
  • Define: convergent stage where user and market research is aligned with business goals.
  • Develop: a divergent stage where a wide range of design solutions are developed.
  • Deliver: convergent stage used to complete product definition.

Advantages: breaks the stages into tasks with outputs and puts emphasis on the clarification of specification.

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8
Q

What is the V-Model design process model?

A

Top-down during design phase and bottom-up during verification phase.

Advantages: makes sense to plan the overall system before deciding on details and makes sense to ensure components work correctly before testing the entire product.

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9
Q

What is the Stage-Gate design process model?

A

A model that emphasises that certain achievements are required before progress in the design can be made.

Advantages: regular design reviews, performance of design can be assessed and managers can sign off before progressing.

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10
Q

List the prototype models.

A

Breadboard - Checks broad feasibility of a technology.

Engineering - Physically verifies the main performance aspects.

Qualification - Checks the entire performance of a product compared to requirements.

Delivered - Checks actual product performance before delivery.

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11
Q

What is a man-machine interface?

A

The interface between a human operator and a machine.

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12
Q

What are hard and soft requirements?

A

Hard - non-negotiable terms (the car must meet safety standards).

Soft - desirable characteristics (the car should have a range greater than 500 miles).

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13
Q

What should a problem statement be?

A

Solution-neutral.

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14
Q

List the multidisciplinary checklist.

A
  • Technical performance
  • Environment
  • Ergonomics
  • Luxury
  • Aesthetics
  • Safety
  • Cost
  • Regulations
  • Maintenance
  • Materials
  • Reliability
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15
Q

What does a function-means tree aim to do?

A

It aims to convert abstract functions into more specific sub-functions and eventually into concrete features.

Going down is how and going up is why.

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16
Q

What is worse case loading?

A

Where a product is designed to withstand the worst possible situation, not the worst case that is normally expected.

17
Q

List the drivers of innovation.

A
  • Legislation
  • Customer wishes
  • Technology breakthroughs
  • Innovators/entrepreneurs
  • Elite activities
  • Affluence
  • Competition
18
Q

Describe the conceptual design method ‘Study the Competition’.

A

Analyse the designs of competitors and draw inspiration. Be aware of the legal and ethical limitations of this.

Example: Automotive and phone design.

19
Q

Describe the conceptual design method ‘Insight’.

A

Understand the physics of the problem to help produce effective ideas.

Examples: Ship scale and range, spline life is increased with increasing size.

20
Q

Describe the conceptual design method ‘Bio-Inspiration’.

A

Be inspired from solutions found in nature.

Advantages: Large range of concepts that are proven to work in harsh environments.

Disadvantages: Often very complex at micro-scale, not necessarily long life and some strategies in nature are brutal.

Examples: Inverted parallelogram 4-bar mechanism hinge joint (human knee) and self healing composite (vascular system).

21
Q

Describe the conceptual design method ‘Technology Transfer’.

A

Transfer elements of technology from one product to another.

Examples: Artificial intelligence, cyclone vacuum cleaner (from factory application).

22
Q

Describe the conceptual design method ‘Functional Decomposition’.

A

Identify the sub-functions of a product and then consider the best/feasible combinations of sub-solutions.

When sub-functions and sub-solutions are put into a chart it is called a morphological chart.

23
Q

Describe the conceptual design method ‘Backwards Design’.

A

Identify and idealistic solution and then work backwards to realise it.

Example: Double-action worm gear-set for spacecraft.

24
Q

Describe the conceptual design method ‘Prototyping’.

A

Creating initial models of design solutions.

Advantages:

  • Quick feedback
  • 3-D visualisation
  • Can be cheaper than computer modelling
  • Learn more things than from just CM
  • Aids team-work and selling to investors
25
Q

Describe the conceptual design method ‘Brainstorming’.

A

Uninhibited idea creation by a team of people bouncing off ideas.

Team made up of engineers from many different backgrounds.

Criticism of ideas is not allowed.

26
Q

Describe the conceptual design method ‘Structured Questioning’.

A

Create a set of questions that consider what can and cannot be done to solve a problem.

27
Q

Describe the conceptual design method ‘Inversion’.

A

Investigate whether an existing design can be done another way around.

Examples: Helicopters (rotating wings), Push-rod suspension instead of vertical to allow lower car profile.

28
Q

Describe the conceptual design method ‘Technology Opportunities’.

A

Use the latest tech breakthroughs to design new products.

Examples: Maglev, Artificial intelligence.

29
Q

Describe the conceptual design method ‘Sketching’.

A

Sketch the design.

Advantages:

  • Quick to make
  • Focus on essential parts
  • 3-D visualisation
  • Aids team work
30
Q

What are the types of drawing and when should they be used?

A

3-point perspective - tall buildings.

2-point perspective - cars.

Isometric - cars.

Oblique - close up product.

31
Q

What is TRIZ?

A

A method for improving the state of a system.

‘Ideality’ is a key concept, it is where all of a systems functions are achieved without causing any problems. The knowledge of an ideal system help to improve the existing system.

32
Q

What is the method behind TRIZ?

A
  • Contradiction checklist of 39 features that can be improved.
  • Contradictions are improved using a list of 40 design principles.
  • Contradiction matrix is created with improving and worsening features.
33
Q

What design methods does TRIZ involve?

A
  • ‘Ideality’ is similar to ‘Backwards’ design.
  • Checklists are similar to structured questioning.
  • ‘The other way round’ is similar to inversion method.
  • Several methods use physical insight.

Product Design (2018) (5 decks)

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