Design and Testing of Agricultural Machines: Belt, Pulley, Sprocket, Chain, Gear Drives Flashcards
the most simple method of transmitting power in agricultural machines and widely adopted in driving various production and postproduction parts of agricultural machines.
Belt-and-pulley drive
The cost of transmitting power is very much lower
compared with sprocket-and-chain and gear drives.
Belt-and-pulley drive
a flexible material which is banded on two or more
pulleys where power is transmitted from the driver to the driven pulley. Power transmission primarily depends on the friction between the belt and the pulley surfaces.
Flat Belt
is a transmission system that consists of an endless
flexible belt that transmits power by contacting and gripping the sheaves which are keyed to the shaft of the driving and the driven machine.
V Belt
TRUE/FALSE
Flat Belt and Pulley Drives are suitable for high-speed drives, adaptable to the dusty and abrasive environment, and transmits power on a long-distance shaft.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE
Flat Belt and Pulley Drives have longer life span, high efficiency, low cost, and low maintenance. Also applicable for the short-distance drive using pivoted or spring-actuated motor bases. Requires tension to minimize slip below 2 percent. High bearing load due to high tension requirement for the belt.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE
V-Belt and Sheave Drives are suitable for short-center-distance driving and the ability to transfer heavy tensile load.
Usually used to transmit power between parallel shafts and used for non-parallel drives applicable for single or in multiple sheaves.
FALSE (long-centered)
Prone to elongation because of wear and operation; hence,
there is a need of mechanism to maintain the proper tension to take up the belt slacks.
V-Belt and
Sheave Drive
They rotate with slip and creep conditions’ therefore, the angular velocity between the two shafts is neither constant nor exactly equal to the ratio of the sheave pitch diameter. Power losses caused by slip and creep ranged from 3 to 5 % for most belt
drives.
V-Belt and
Sheave Drives
– is used to transmit rotary motion and power
between two shafts which lie flat on the face of the
corresponding pulley.
Flat Belt
– is a belt with trapezoidal cross-section to
transmit rotary motion to parallel shafts.
Narrow V-Belt
– is a V-belt with inverted V on top making it
more suitable for multiple-sheaves drive arrangement.
Double V- Belt
– is a V-belt with teeth design for a special kind
of sheave to provide more gripping action to obtain higher
efficiency hence minimizing belt slip.
Cogged Belt
– combines the features of a flat belt and a
V-belt. It operates very efficiently and can run at a very high
speed.
V-Ribbed Belt
– is most common where there is a
large center distance between shafts or where drive ratio
goes beyond the commonly supplied drive.
Variable-Speed Belt
It can carry significant load of up to 500hp and
can provide long service life. However, it is costly and
requires to be cleaned and dressed at all times. It is also
prone to stretch and shrink. Also, it is normally limited to low
or moderate speed.
Leather
This is a combination of both
fabric and cord reinforcement that provides the strength of
chord reinforcement and the abrasion resistance of the
fabric.
Rubberized fabric or cord
This kind of belt material is the least
costly of all. For the same width and thickness, this type
transmits less power and has a shorter life than leather.
Rubberized Fabric
This is only available as endless belt and
not designed to be spliced. It carries 50% more power that
fabric reinforced belt.
Rubberized Chord
This has a nylon member
covered by rubber or plastic. Its capacities ranged from
fractional horsepower to 100hp per inch of width. It is capable
of operating at 40,000 fpm.
Reinforced Rubber or Plastic
It is made either of plain or with chemical or
rubberized coatings. It has the ability to tract uniformly
Fabric
ordered according to the material, width and
number of plies. Example, canvas-type flat belt 4in. wide, 4
plies.
Flat belts
ordered according to brand, type, (A, B, C, D, E,
etc.) and length. Example, Mitsubishi B-52 belt means type B
with circumferential length of 52 inches.
V-belts
are used to transmit the power from the belt to the shaft. Generally made of cast iron. However, there are steel pulleys that are also available and are made in various sizes
and combinations. And should be carefully selected to fit the need and requirement of the drive
Pulleys and sheaves
are grooved sheaves or flat pulleys which do not serve to
transmit power. Instead they are used to tighten belt when it is
not possible to move either shaft for belt installation and take-up
Idlers
Pulley shafts are parallel with each other
Pulleys have the same direction
Shorter belt length
Smaller arc of contact of belt on two pulleys
Suitable for v-belt and flat belt drives
Open-Belt Drive
• Pulley shafts are perpendicular with each other
• Requires longer belt than open-belt drive
• Relatively higher arc of contact between belt and
pulley
• Suitable for flat belt or special type of v-belt
Quarter-Turn Drive
- Pulley shafts are parallel with each other
- Pulleys direction are opposite
- Requires longer belt length
- Higher arc of contact of belt on pulleys
- Suitable for flat belt drive or special type of v-belt
Cross-Belt Drive
Pulley Speed and Diameters Formula
N1 D1 = N2 D2
Speed Ratio Formula
Speed Ratio – It is the ratio of the angular speed of
two pulleys making no allowance for slip and creep.
Nr = N1 / N2
Belt Velocity Formula
Belt Velocity – is the linear speed of the belt.
Vb = 0.262 x D x N
Belt Length (Open Drive) Formula
Belt Length – is the stretched-out length of the belt.
L = 2C + 1.57 (D + d) + [D – d]^2 / 4C
Belt Length (Crossed Drive) Formula
L = 2C + 1.57 (D + d) + [D + d]^2 / 4C
Belt Length (Quarter Turn Drive Formula
L = 1.57 (D + d) + √(C^2 + D^2) + √(C^2 + d^2)
Length of Arc Formula
Length of Arc – is the length of belt that is linked on pulley or
pulleys.
La = D x A / 115
Arc of Contact of Smaller Pulley
Arc of Contact – is the angle by which the belt is in contact
with the pulley.
Arc = 180 - [ 57.3 ( D – d ) / C ]
Design Power for V-Belt Drive Formula
DP = NPR x SF
V-Belt Power Rating Formula
Power Rating = Table Rating + Additional power for Speed Ratio
V-Belt Corrected Power Rating Formula
Corrected Power Rating= Power Rating x Arc of Contact Factor x Belt Length Correction Factor
Number of V-Belts Formula
Number of Belts = Power Capacity / Corrected Power Rating
What formula is this?
Wb = ( H x S ) / ( K x C )
Width of Flat Belt
What formula is this?
Wp = Wb +Allowance
Width of Pulley
An engine is to be used to drive
a hammer mill to run at 3,000rpm
speed. How would you couple the
hammer mill to the engine?
By connecting the engine to the
mill using belt and pulley drive to
reduce its speed while running the
mill at 3000 rpm.
If two shafts are perpendicular
with each other, what type of drive
system would you recommend?
Flat belt
When one pulley is to be driven
horizontally and the other pulley is
to be driven vertically, what drive
system would you recommend?
Quarter-turn drive
If two parallel flat pulleys are to
be driven in opposite direction,
what drive would you recommend?
Cross drive
Drive used to run perpendicular
shafts.
Drive used to run perpendicular
shafts.
Machine element used to drive
flat belts.
Pulley
Pulley that is used to tighten
the belt of a drive system.
Idler pulley
Flat pulleys are usually
provided with crown to ____.
prevent the belt from slipping
Flat pulleys are crowned by
making the center diameter larger
than the edge diameter by ___.
1/8 in. per foot of the pulley
diameter
If the driver pulley diameter is
increased, the speed of the driven
pulley will ____.
Increase
Commonly used belt drive for
engine-driven multi-pass rice mills.
Flat belt
Type of flat belt that has the advantage of high-tensile strength to hold metal fasteners satisfactorily and has high resistance to deterioration due to moisture.
Reinforced-nylon chord belt
basically consists of an endless chain whose links
engage the teeth of sprocket keyed to the shaft of the driving and the driven mechanisms.
chain drive
used to transmit power and to synchronize
motion or maintain a fixed-speed ratio between rotating shafts and commonly used in the construction of transmission boxes for power and puddling type floating tillers in the Philippines.
chain drive
TRUE/FALSE
The chain drive shaft distances are unrestricted, i.e. the drive is well suited for long and short center distances.
They do not creep or slip but maintain a positive speed ratio
between the driver and the driven shafts.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE
They are physically not more compact than belt drives and require less accurate alignment of the shaft and the
sprockets. Arc of contact is bigger for chains than for belts.
They are more practical for mild speed.
FALLSE (more compact, more accurate, smaller for chains, low speed)