Descriptive stats

Question 1

What are the 3 research designs?

Answer 1

Deductive / inductive
Quantitative / qualitative
Design quality

Question 2

What is deductive approach?

Answer 2

Start from a theory that will be tested

Th => Hyp => Obs => confirmation / rejection

Question 3

What is inductive approach?

Answer 3

Data guides theory

Obs => pattern => Th

Question 4

What is quantitative approach?

Answer 4

Manipulating data analyzed using mathematically based methods.

Question 5

What is qualitative approach?

Answer 5

Results obtained are narrative / descriptive.

Question 6

What is the difference between observation and experimentation?

Answer 6

Obs: measuring variables without intervention of the researcher.
Exp: Measuring manipulating at least 1 variable.

Question 7

What are the 4 criteria of design quality?

Answer 7

Validity, Reliability, Replicability, Generalizability

Question 8

What is Validity?

Answer 8

Do I measure what is supposed to be measured?

Question 9

What is Reliability?

Answer 9

Does this research produce stable results?

Question 10

What is Replicability?

Answer 10

If someone practices the same study exactly, will he find the same results?

Question 11

What is Generalizability?

Answer 11

Does this experiment also occurs in the real life?

Is it possible to practice inference?

Question 12

What are variables / indicators?

Answer 12

People or things from which data is collected.

Statistical units / cases.

Question 13

What are the different types of variables?

Answer 13

Nominal / categorical (the less informative)
Ordinal
Interval / scale
Ratio (the most informative)

Question 14

What is a nominal / categorical variable?

Answer 14

categories without order.

Question 15

What is an ordinal variable?

Answer 15

2 or more categories that can be ordered.

Question 16

What is an interval variable?

Answer 16

The difference between 2 values of this variable is meaningful.

Question 17

What is a ratio variable?

Answer 17

Each interval between 2 numbers is meaningful.

This allows to practice operations because there’s an absolute zero.

Question 18

What are the roles of variables?

Answer 18

Independent Variable (predictor / var predicted)
Dependent Variable
Each role leads to a different sort of analyses.

Question 19

What is an Independent Variable?

Answer 19

Variable manipulated / observed to observe the effect on the DV. It can be measured.

Question 20

What is a Dependent Variable?

Answer 20

What is measured.

Question 21

What are the 2 main fields for statistical analyses?

Answer 21

Sample => descriptive statistics

Population through informations obtained on the sample => inferential statistics

Question 22

What are the 2 possible inferential statistic methods?

Answer 22

Calculate a difference from 0 => p ratio.

Defining an interval in which the population is likely to be => the confidence interval. (Better)

Question 23

How are called statistics analyses regarding the number of variable involved?

Answer 23

1: Univariate
2 simultaneously: Bivariate
More than 2 simultaneously: Multivariate.

Question 24

What is the difference between parametric and non-parametric test?

Answer 24

Parametric tests are passed on the assumption of a normal distribution.
Non-parametric test can be used to test any distribution, even when it’s not normal.

Question 25

What are the 2 main attentions you have to give to the plan data before you start collecting data?

Answer 25

Sample carefully selected: randomly

Sample size: you must know the test before you gather data to choose the perfect size of sample.

Question 26

Outcome = ?

Answer 26

Outcome = model + error

=> Error = Outcome - model

Question 27

What does mean “calculating the parameters”?

Answer 27

Finding the values of the parameters that will minimize the error / deviation / residuals.

Question 28

What is used to calculate the parameters?

Answer 28

SSE = ⁿΣi=1(Obs-pred)²

It must be the lowest possible. This is the method of ordinary least squarer.

Question 29

What is the variance formula?

Answer 29

V = 1/N(ⁿΣi=1(obs-mean)²)