Descriptive Research Flashcards

1
Q

What is most important for a sample?

A

Must be representative!

  • > Characteristics of sample should fit to the population
  • > Must be possible to draw conclusions from the sample to the population
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2
Q

Possibilities of sample procedures

A

Probability sampling

Non-Probability sampling

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3
Q

3 types of probability sampling

A

Stratified sampling
Simply random sampling
Cluster sampling

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4
Q

3 Types of non probability sampling

A

Judgemental sampling
Quote sampling
Other types of convenience sampling

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5
Q

2 Advantages of simple random sampling

A

Easy to implement

Works well for homogeneuous sample frames

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6
Q

How does stratified sampling work?

A

Population is divided into mutually exclusive and exhaustive subsets.
Simple random samples are taken from each subset

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7
Q

2 Advantages of stratified sampling

A

More precise -> fewer means

Every subset is represented

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8
Q

How does cluster sampling work?

A

Subdivide the population into subsamples, which are within each other homogenes and between each other heterogeneous.
Sample from a subset

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9
Q

1 Advantage and 1 Disadvantage of Cluster sampling

A

Economically efficient, but statistically not efficient (compared to other sampling methods)

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10
Q

When can judgemental sampling be useful?

A

In exploratory design

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11
Q

Disadvantage of quota sampling

A

Other important characteristics could not be represented

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12
Q

Other types of convenience sampling

A

Snowball sampling
Mall intercepts
Volunteers

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13
Q

Possibilities to classify data collection methods of primary data

A

Longitudinal

Cross-sectional

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14
Q

2 longitudinal data collection methods of Primary data

A

True panel

Omnibus panel

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15
Q

1 Cross sectional data collection method of primary Data

A

Sample survey

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16
Q

Definition of True panel data collection

A

Repeated measurement of the same variables over time

-> Enables true longitudinal or time series analysis

17
Q

Definition of omnibus panel

A

A sample is maintained, but the collected information varies over time

-> Easy access to panellists

18
Q

What do Cross sectional panel lists do?

A

Provide a snapshot of variables of interest at a single point in time
Allows of cross classification of the variables
-> Enables an analysis of relationships of variables

19
Q

3 Forms of response

A

Open end questions
Dichotomous questions
Multicholtomous questions

20
Q

Scales of multichotomous questions

A

Rating scales
Likert Scales
Semantic differential
Constant sum scale

21
Q

Scales of measurement

A

Nominal (Non-metric)
Ordinal (Non-metric)
Interval (Metric)
Ratio (Metric)

22
Q

Measurement: Woraus setzt sich der Xo zusammen?

A

Sum out of Xt, Xr, Xs

Xt = true score
Xr = random error
Xs = systematic error
23
Q

What does a systematic error do?

A

Affects the measurement in a predictable way

24
Q

What does a random error do?

A

Is not systematic

25
What does „Validity“ say?
Refers to whether we are measuring what we want to measure
26
What does „Reliability“ say?
Is the degree to which what we measure is free of random errors
27
4 Types of nonsampling errors
Noncoverage error Nonresponse error Data collection error Office processing error
28
Univariate forms of analyzing descriptive data
Indicative -> Bar Charts, Pie Charts, Frequency table Statistics -> Mean, Median, Variance, Chi-Square test
29
Bivariate forms of analyzing descriptive data
Indicative -> Scatter plots, Cross tables Statistics -> Correlations
30
Definition „Population“
Group of units about which to make judgements
31
Definition „Sample“
Subset of selected cases from the population
32
Definition „Sample Frame“
List of elements from which the sample is drawn
33
Explanation of simple random sampling
Random selection of the number of cases required | Each population element has an equal chance of being selected
34
Explanation of Stratified Sampling
Population is divided into mutually exclusive and exhaustive elements A simple random sample of elements is chosen independently from each subset (strata) Every population element is assigned to one and only one element