Descriptions Flashcards
IFRS 3 Business Combinations
What is a business combination and how is a business defined within this standard?
Business Combination - an acquirer obtains control of a business.
A Business - an integrated set of Activities and assets that is capable of being conducted and managed for the purpose of providing goods or services to customers, generating investment income or generating income from ordinary activities.
If an acquired set of assets is concentrated in a single or group of similar identifiable assets then the purchase is not a business combination.
How is revenue recognition approached under IFRS 15 revenue from contracts with customers?
Revenue recognition is a 5 part process;
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Identify the contract - An agreement between two parties that creates rights and obligations
- Both parties must approve the contract and their rights can be identified.
- Payment terms can be identified
- The contract has commercial substance.
- It is probable that the selling entity will receive the consideration.
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Identify the separate performance obligations - promises to transfer distinct goods or services to a customer.
- Distinct = can be benefited from on it’s own and is separably identifiable from other contractual promises.
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Determine the transaction price - There will be a number of considerations:
- Is the consideration variable, an estimate of the amount to be received may be required.
- Financing - consideration may need to be discounted to present value if there is a significant Financing component.
- Non Cash consideration - is measured at fair value.
- Consideration payable to a customer - should be accounted for as a separate purchase transaction.
- Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligation - in proportion to the stand alone selling price of each component. This may require estimate if a price is unobservable.
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Recognise revenue when a performance obligation is satisfied. - satisfaction may ocurr:
- Over time - The customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefit, the entity is creating or enhancing an asset controlled by the customer, the entity cannot use the asset for an alternative use and payment can be demanded for performance to date.
- At a point in time - customer has physical possession, significant rewards and risks of ownership, legal title and the seller has the right to payment.
What are definitions used in IFRS 16 Leases?
Lease - A contract that conveys the right to use an underlying asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration.
Lessor - The entity that provided the right of use asset and receives consideration
Lessee - the entity that obtains the use of the right-of-use asset and in exchange transfers consideration.
Right-of-use Asset - represents the lessees reights to use and underlying asset over the lease term.
What are the main areas covered by IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements?
https://www.iasplus.com/en/standards/ias/ias1
The standard applies to General purpose financial statements prepared & presented in accordance with IFRS.
Components - other titles may be used:
- Statement of Financial Position (Balance sheet)
- Statement of Profit or Loss & other comprehensive income.
- Statement of Changes in Equity
- Statement of Cash Flows.
- Disclosures.
Where an accounting policy is applied retrospectively or a retrospective restatement of items is carried out the entity must also present a SFP as at the beginning of the earliest comparative period.
Where the statements comply with IFRS an explicit and unreserved statement of compliance must be included in the notes.
Statements are prepared on a going concern basis, uncertainties must be disclosed, using the Accruals basis.
Presentation and classification must remain consistent, unless change is justified (circumstance or IFRS)
Material classes of items must be presented separately, items may be aggregated if doing so does not obscure information.
Credit and debit balances may not be offset.
Under IAS 2 - Inventories, how is inventory defined and measured?
https://www.iasplus.com/en/standards/ias/ias2
Inventory is assets held for sale in the ordinary course of the entity’s business including:
- Assets in the production process for sale
- Materials and supplies that are consumed in production.
The following are excluded from the scope of this standard;
- WIP arising under construction contracts. IAS 11
- Financial instruments - IAS 39
- Biological assets relating to agricultural activity and agricultural produce at the point of harvest IAS 41
The basic recognition of value for inventories is the lower of cost and Net realisable value, with cost including:
- Costs of purchase - inc. Taxes, transport and handling, net of trade discounts received.
- Costs of conversion - inc. Fixed and variable manufacturing overheads.
- Other costs incurred in bringing inventories to their present location and condition.
Inventory cost should not include:
- Abnormal waste
- Storage costs
- Administrative overheads unrelated to production
- Selling costs
- Foreign exchange differences arising directly on recent acquisition of inventories invoiced in foreign currency.
- Interest cost when inventories are purchased on deferred settlement terms.
NRV = estimated selling price less estimated cost of completion and estimated costs to make the sale.
IAS 7 - Statement of Cash Flows
What is the purpose of a statement of cash flows and how are the different cash flows classified?
The statement reconciles cash and Cash equivalents between the start and the end of the year. Cash & Cash equivalents being:
- Cash in hand and in the bank
- Current asset investments less over drafts repayable on demand.
i.e. any thing that is extremely liquid. This is defined under IAS 7 as Short term, Highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to a known amount of cash and are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.
Cash flows are classified as:
- Operating activities - main revenue generating activities of the business.
- Investing activities - acquisitions and disposals of longterm assets and other investments.
- Financing activities -activities that alter equity and long term borrowing of the entity.
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IAS 10 Events After the reporting period
How does IAS 10 define an event after a reporting period.
And how should these events be accounted for?
An event after a reporting period is one which occurs between the reporting date and the date the FS are authorised for issue.
Event giving evidence about conditions at reporting date - The Financial statements should be adjusted.
Event not giving evidence about conditions at the reporting date - Do not adjust FS but disclosure may be required if material.
If the event affects going concern it is automatically an adjusting event.
IAS 12 Income Taxes
When calculating the effect of deferred tax what impact will the taxable difference have?
Deferred tax is the difference between the Carrying amount and Tax Base (WDV) x the applicable tax rate.
- Where carrying amount > Tax Base - Deferred tax Liability arises, thus an increase in Tax Expense.
- Where carrying amount < Tax base - Deferred Tax asset arises, thus a decrease in tax expense.
Tax base for an Asset - usually the carrying amount unless there are taxable economic benefits from the recovery of the asset.
Tax base for a Liability - Carrying amount less any amount that will be deductible for tax in the future.
Note this is dealt with from a net asset position so liabilities are negative balance.
How does IAS 16 define PPE and how is the value measured?
PPE - Tangible items which are used to produce or supply goods, for rental, or for administrative purposes over more than one period.
- Must be a probable flow of future economic benefit from the asset.
- Cost of the assets must be able to be measured reliably - were the costs avoidable with the same end result.
Initial Measurement - At cost, including costs to bring assets to working condition and current location. This may also include costs to dismantle or dispose of.
Subsequent Measurement - either
- Cost Model - Depreciate over useful life, profit or loss on disposal is recorded on the P&L.
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Revaluation Model
- Whole class of assets to be revalued.
- Depreciate over useful life.
- Revaluation gains are recorded to OCI, losses to P&L if no revaluation surplus.
Under IAS 36 impairment of Assets when should an impairment review be carried out and what are the indications of impairment?
An impairment review should be carried out;
- Annually for certain classes of assets - Intangible, with an indefinite useful life.
- Where there are indications of impairment.
Indications of Impairment include;
- Decline in the market value of an asset
- Adverse changes to the environment in which the entity operates.
- Asset Obsolescence, damage or idleness.
- The value of the entity as a whole being less than the carrying value of it’s net assets.
IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities & Contingent assets
How does IAS 37 define a provision, and when should one be recognised?
A Provision is a liability of uncertain timing or amount and should be recognised if:
- There is a present obligation from a past event.
- There is a probable outflow of economic benefits
- the probable outflow can be measured reliably.
Measurement - at the best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the obligation as at the reporting date;
- Single Obligation - most likely amount payable.
- For a large population of items - the expected value.
Note:if the time value of money is material the provision should be discounted to present value.
How does IAS 38 define intangible assets and when can they be initially recognised?
IAS 38 define intangible assets as identifiable non-monetary assets without physical substance.
Recognition
- Internally generated assets are generally not recognised unless arising from development, then must meet the following criteria
- Potential to generate future economic benefits.
- Intention to complete and sell/use.
- Reliably measure expenditure
- Adequate resource available to complete
- Technically feasible
- Expected to be sold/used.
- Purchased Assets are recognised at Cost - purchase price plus direct costs.
Under IAS 1, presentation of Financial Statements, how are current and non current items defined?
A current Asset is and asset that is:
- Expected to be realised in the entities normal operating cycle
- Held primarily for the purpose of trading
- Expected to be realised within 12 months after the reporting period
- Cash and Cash equivalents.
A current liability is:
- Expected to be settled within the entity’s normal operating cycle
- Held for the purpose of trading.
- due to be settled within 12 months.
- For which the entity does not have the right at the end of the reporting period to defer settlement beyond 12 months.
Where does IAS 1 require profit and loss to be recognised, and which other standards may supersede this requirement?
All items of income and expense in a period must be included in profit or loss unless impacted by another reporting standard, examples are:
- Changes to revaluation surplus - IAS 16 PPE and IAS 38 Intangible Assets.
- Re measurement of a Net defined benefit liability - IAS 19 Employee benefits.
- Exchange differences from currency translation - IAS 21 The effects of changes in foreign exchange rates
- Gains and Losses on re measuring available for sale financial assets - IAS 39 Financial instruments.
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How does IFRS 5 - Non current assets held for sale and discontinued operations define these two items?
Discontinued operation - component of an entity sold or held for sale, and:
- Is a separate line of business (operations/location)
- Is part of a plan to dispose of a separate line of business, or
- Is a subsidiary acquired sole for resale.
An asset is held for sale if it’s value will mainly be recovered through a sales transaction and the sale is highly probable.
Once an item is held for sale no further depreciation is applied.
Assets held for sale are a type of current asset.
How does IFRS 5 measure the value of assets held for sale and how is this presented on the financial statements?
- For an asset value will be the lower of carrying amount and net realisable value.
- For discontinued operations a single amount is presented on the SPL which comprises profit or loss of the operation, profit or loss on disposal or any loss on classification a held for sale.
Under IFRS 13 Fair value measurement, how is fair value defined and what are the approaches that can be applied when determining a fair value?
Fair Value - The price received when selling an asset or the price paid to transfer a liability, in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.
Approaches
- Market approaches - based on recent selling prices.
- Cost approaches - based on replacement cost
- Income approaches - valuations based on financial forecasts.
Fair value is a market based measurement (not entity specific) so priority will be given to observable data from active markets;
- Level 1 - Quoted prices for identical assets in active markets.
- Level 2 - Quoted prices for similar assets, quoted prices in less active markets, observable inputs that are not prices.
- Level 3 - Un observable inputs i.e the entities own data.
The active market will be the principle market - market with greatest volume and level of activity for the asset or liability. Assume this is the market the entity usually trades in.
If there is no principle market then fair value should be based on the most advantageous market.
Non Financial Assets - i.e PPE or intangible assets.
Fair value is based on highest and best use
Under IAS 8 Accounting policies, changes in accounting estimates and errors, how are policies and estimates defined
Accounting Policy - Principles and rules applied by an entity which specify how transactions are reflected in the financial statements.
- Policies should remain the same between periods to increase comparability with changes only made if required by IFRS or if it will provide more reliable or relevant presentation.
- Changes to policy require retrospective adjustments
- Comparative information is restated as if policy had always been applied.
- Opening retained earnings balance in SoE is adjusted.
Accounting estimates - are monetary amounts in financial statements that involve measurement uncertainty. e.g. depreciation & amortisation.
- Changes to accounting estimates are recognised prospectively, in the current and future reporting periods.
Prior Period Errors - are misstatements and omissions as a result of not using reliable information that should have been available, these can result from mistakes or fraud.
- Prior period errors are corrected retrospectively in the same way as changes in accounting policy.
What does IAS 34 Interim Financial Reporting cover?
The standard states that an interim report is one which covers a period of less than 12 months.
Interim reporting is not mandatory under this standard however it may be a legal or statutory requirement in some jurisdictions.
Under the standard an interim financial report should include:
- Condensed SFP, SPLOCI, SCF, SCE
- Disclosure notes.
- The accounting policies applied should be the same as used in annual statements.
Are there any other considerations when recognising revenue from contracts?
Recognition over time - revenue is recognised based on the progress towards completion.
Contract Costs - An entity must capitalise the following costs in relation to contracts, and amortise as the profit is recognised.:
- The costs of obtaining the contract, unless the cost would be incurred even if the contract was not won.
- Costs of Fulfilling a contract that do not fall within the scope of other standards if recovered.
Assets and Liabilities
If revenue is recognised before consideration is received then either of the following should also be recognised:
- A receivable - if the right to consideration is unconditional.
- A contract asset, note a contract liability should be recognised if consideration is received before revenue has been recognised.
What complications may be encountered with IAS 16?
Subsequent expenditure - Capex or expense?
- If it enhances the economic benefits the asset provides
- Relates to overhaul or major inspection - capitalise and depreciate over period to next overhaul or inspection. Any replaced parts should be de recognised.
- Complex assets - Assets made up of components which depreciate at different rates.
- General repairs and anything that maintains the economic benefits of the assets should be charged to the P&L as expense.
Under IAS 20, Accounting for Government Grants and disclosure of Government assistance, how are Government Grants described. And what are the accounting treatments applied?
A Government grant is assistance received from the Government in the form of resources transferred to an entity in return for compliance with past or future conditions.
Grants should be recognised when reasonable assurance conditions will be complied with and grant will be received.
Revenue Grants - Relate to operating costs so should be matched in the P&L with related costs. This may be done by netting off or by showing the grant income as a separate credit line on the P&L.
Capital Grants - relate to asset purchases matched in the P&L with related depreciation.
- Net Method - Deduct from initial cost of the asset, this will then effectively match the grant to the related depreciation.
- Deferred Credit - Grant is not deducted from asset cost, post as deferred income and then release off annually.
Under IAS 23 Borrowing costs how are borrowing costs recognised for capitalisation?
Borrowing costs for qualifying assets must be capitalised.
Qualifying asset - an asset which necessarily takes a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use.
When can the borrowing costs relating to a qualifying asset be capitalised:
- Expenditure is being incurred
- Borrowing costs are being incurred
- Activities to prepare the asset are in progress.
How is the borrowing cost calculated?
- Specific Loan - use the rate on that loan, offset any income from investment of surplus funds.
- General Borrowings - calculate the weighted average rate.
Capitalisation should cease once substantially all activities to prepare the asset are complete, or if construction is suspended.
How does IAS 40 define Investment property and how is its value measured?
IAS 40 states that investment property is land or buildings held for rental and/or capital appreciation, or it is land held for an undecided use.
- Initial recognition is at cost - purchase price plus direct costs.
- Subsequent valuation can be at either
- Cost Model - Depreciated over useful life, with profit or loss on disposal going to the SPL.
- Fair Value Model - No depreciation, revaluation gains/losses are recorded in the SPL.
Considerations
- The property no longer meets the definition of investment property and is under the fair value model?
- Account up to the date of transfer under fair value model
- Transfer carrying value to PPE and depreciate over remaining useful life.
- Property held as PPE becomes investment property.
- Charge depreciation up to the date of transfer.
- Revalue with gains going to revaluation surplus.
- Property classified as investment and treated as all other in that class of asset.