Describing Research Activities

Question 1

Vary from low to high, from letting things happen as they will to setting up carefully controlled conditions.

Answer 1

Degree of manipulation of antecedence

Question 2

Refers to the extent to which the researcher constrains, or limits, the responses a subject may contribute to the data.

Answer 2

Degree of imposition of units-

Question 3

Five common nonexperimental approaches used by psychologists:

Answer 3

1. Phenomenology
2. Case Study
3. Field Study
4. Archival Study
5. Qualitative Study

Question 4

description of an individual’s immediate experience. Looking through or begin with personal experience as a source of data.

Answer 4

Phenomenology-

Question 5

interested in the physiology of vision, where he noticed that colors seemed to change as twilight deepened.

Answer 5

Johannes Purkinje (1787-1869)-

Question 6

world’s most famous early psychologist also used the phenomenological approach.

Answer 6

William James-

Question 7

descriptive record of an individual’s experiences, behavior kept by an outside observer.

Answer 7

Case Study-

Question 8

5 Major Purpose of Case Study

Answer 8

1. Source of interferences, hypotheses, and theories.
2. Source for developing therapy techniques.
3. Provide exceptions, or counter instances, to accepted ideas, theories, or practices.
4. Allow study for rare phenomena.
5. Have persuasive and motivational value.

Question 9

deviant individuals are compared with those who are not to identify the significant differences between them.

Answer 9

Deviant Case Analysis-

Question 10

data collected in the present based on recollections of past events.

Answer 10

Retrospective Data-

Question 11

Two types of Field Study-

Answer 11

naturalistic observation, participant-observer.

Question 12

observing behaviors that occurs spontaneously in natural settings. It does not need manipulation of antecedent conditions.

Answer 12

Naturalistic observer-

Question 13

alteration of behavior of subjects when they are aware of observer’s presence.

Answer 13

Reactivity-

Question 14

Reactivity-

Answer 14

alteration of behavior of subjects when they are aware of observer’s presence.

Question 15

researcher becomes part of the group studied, does not include systematic observation or measurement techniques. Data gathered tend to be qualitative. Observers must remain objective and unbiased.

Answer 15

Participant-observer

Question 16

is a descriptive research method in which already existing records are reexamined for a new purpose. Many opportunities for field research can be found in data that have been collected for other purposes and stored in data archives.

Answer 16

archival study

Question 17

relies on words rather than numbers for the
data being collected; it focuses on self-reports,
personal narratives, and expression of ideas,
memories, feelings, and thoughts

Answer 17

QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH

Question 18

is the set of attitudes, values, beliefs,
methods, and procedures that are generally
accepted within a particular discipline at a certain
point in time (Kuhn, 1970).

Answer 18

PARADIGM