Describing Research Activities Flashcards
Vary from low to high, from letting things happen as they will to setting up carefully controlled conditions.
Degree of manipulation of antecedence
Refers to the extent to which the researcher constrains, or limits, the responses a subject may contribute to the data.
Degree of imposition of units-
Five common nonexperimental approaches used by psychologists:
- Phenomenology
- Case Study
- Field Study
- Archival Study
- Qualitative Study
description of an individual’s immediate experience. Looking through or begin with personal experience as a source of data.
Phenomenology-
interested in the physiology of vision, where he noticed that colors seemed to change as twilight deepened.
Johannes Purkinje (1787-1869)-
world’s most famous early psychologist also used the phenomenological approach.
William James-
descriptive record of an individual’s experiences, behavior kept by an outside observer.
Case Study-
5 Major Purpose of Case Study
- Source of interferences, hypotheses, and theories.
- Source for developing therapy techniques.
- Provide exceptions, or counter instances, to accepted ideas, theories, or practices.
- Allow study for rare phenomena.
- Have persuasive and motivational value.
deviant individuals are compared with those who are not to identify the significant differences between them.
Deviant Case Analysis-
data collected in the present based on recollections of past events.
Retrospective Data-
Two types of Field Study-
naturalistic observation, participant-observer.
observing behaviors that occurs spontaneously in natural settings. It does not need manipulation of antecedent conditions.
Naturalistic observer-
alteration of behavior of subjects when they are aware of observer’s presence.
Reactivity-
Reactivity-
alteration of behavior of subjects when they are aware of observer’s presence.
researcher becomes part of the group studied, does not include systematic observation or measurement techniques. Data gathered tend to be qualitative. Observers must remain objective and unbiased.
Participant-observer
is a descriptive research method in which already existing records are reexamined for a new purpose. Many opportunities for field research can be found in data that have been collected for other purposes and stored in data archives.
archival study
relies on words rather than numbers for the
data being collected; it focuses on self-reports,
personal narratives, and expression of ideas,
memories, feelings, and thoughts
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
is the set of attitudes, values, beliefs,
methods, and procedures that are generally
accepted within a particular discipline at a certain
point in time (Kuhn, 1970).
PARADIGM
