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2. Fractures and dislocations > Describe the radiological principles behind diagnosing and describing fractures > Flashcards

Describe the radiological principles behind diagnosing and describing fractures Flashcards

1
Q

Which arrow is indicating soft tissue swelling?

A

the yellow one

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2
Q

How would you describe the position of this fracture?

A

Impacted

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3
Q

What are 5 radiographic signs of a fracture seen on the bone?

A
  1. lucent lines
  2. sclerotic lines
  3. cortical breach
  4. disruption of trabeculae
  5. change in bony contour
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4
Q

What is trabecula and trabecular patterns?

A

Trabecula is a supportive and connective tissue element which form in cancellous bone.

The trabecular pattern of growth follows the course of stress lines along the bone

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5
Q

What radiographic sign of a fracture are these arrows indicating?

A

a cortical breach

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6
Q

What causes lipohaemarthrosis?

A

the collection of fat and fluid (blood) within the joint usually following trauma.

the blood cells settle on the bottom, creating a fluid (dark) line

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7
Q

What is the minimum amount of fractures you can expect to see in a rigid ring bone?

A

2

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8
Q

How would you describe the position of this fracture?

A

45º valgus angulation

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9
Q

What supplementary radiographic sign of a fracture is being indicated by the white arrow?

A

haemarthrosis

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10
Q

What radiographic sign of a fracture are these arrows indicating?

A

sclerotic lines

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11
Q

How would you describe the path of this fracture line?

A

longitudinal

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12
Q

How would you describe the position of this fracture?

A

Posterior/dorsal angulation

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13
Q

When is CT used to image bone trauma, what is the advantage, and why does it have this advantage?

A
  • complex fractures
  • easier to define complex bony structures
  • due to ability to slice the data in any plane
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14
Q

What radiographic sign of a fracture is this arrow indicating?

A

lucent line

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15
Q

What paired bones are considered ring bones?

A

radius + ulnar

tibia + fibula

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16
Q

How would you describe the path of this fracture line?

A

spiral

17
Q

How can an x-ray suggest an elbow fracture, if the fracture line isn’t visible?

A
  • elevated anterior fat pad
  • presence of any posterior fat pad
18
Q

How would you describe the position of this fracture?

A

anterior angulation

19
Q

How would you describe the path of this fracture line?

A

oblique

20
Q

How would you describe the position of this fracture?

A

Varus angulation

21
Q

What are 3 supplementary radiographic signs of a fracture?

A
  1. haemarthrosis
  2. lipohaemarthrosis
  3. soft tissue swelling
22
Q

Look at these two x rays. Which X-ray demonstrates knee effusion, and which x-ray demonstrates lipohaemarthrosis?

A

left - knee effusion

right - lipohaemarthrosis

23
Q

What are sclerotic lines and how are they caused by fractures?

A
  • white lines due to lack of x-ray absorption
  • when fracture fragments are impacted and the bony trabeculae overlaps to form lines 2x the density of bone
24
Q

What is a dislocation?

A

2+ articular surfaces are no longer lined up

25
Q

Asides from 2 radiographic projections, what else needs to be x-rayed when paired bones are injured?

A

the joint above

the joint below

26
Q

What is haemarthrosis?

A

any fracture that extends into a joint

27
Q

How many radiographic projections do you need to image bone trauma?

A

minimum 2, taken at 90º to eachother

28
Q

When is MRI used to view fractures and what is the benefit of it?

A
  • for acute fractures
    • easy t see the haemmorhage and odema caused by fracture
29
Q

What are lucent lines and why can they be seen near fractures?

A
  • they are dark lines caused by too much x-ray beam (air is black bone is white etc.)
  • due to the fracture fragments separating
  • or resorption of the bone at the fracture site
30
Q

How would you describe the path of this fracture line?

A

Transverse

31
Q

How would you describe the position of this fracture?

A

Displaced

32
Q

What are the 4 paths a fracture line can take, from most stable to least stable?

A
  1. transverse
  2. oblique
  3. spiral
  4. longitudinal
33
Q

What supplementary radiographic sign of a fracture is indicated by this arrow?

A

lipohaemarthrosis

34
Q

If a joint is partially dislocated, it is called a…

A

Subluxation

35
Q

When does a cortical breach occur and where is it seen?

A
  • when fractures are displaced
  • seen in the cortex, perpendicular to the film
36
Q

What 4 terms describe the position of a fracture?

A
  1. angulation
  2. displacement
  3. impaction
  4. foreshortening
37
Q

What is the difference between a simple and comminuted fracture?

A

simple: 2 fragments
comminuted: more than 2 fragments

2. Fractures and dislocations (2 decks)

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