Describe terms used in genetics and heredity and apply examples of types of inheritance

Question 1

Nucleus

Answer 1

Control centre of the cell that contains DNA

Question 2

DNA shape/composition

Answer 2

3D double helix shape composed of sugar, phosphate and a AT/CG base

Question 3

A, T, C, G

Answer 3

Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

Question 4

How does Chromatin form and where do you find it?

Answer 4

Long threads of DNA wrap around histones that bind together and form Chromatin. Found within the Nuceleus

Question 5

How are Chromosomes formed?

Answer 5

Chromatin tightly super coils up to form thick strands of Chromosomes

Question 6

How are Duplicated Chromosomes formed? (2)

Answer 6

Chromosomes replicate (looking like an X) into 2 identical sister chromatids - each one ends in one of the 2 daughter cells that result from cell division.

Question 7

Genes

Answer 7

Segments of DNA that controls hereditary characteristics

Question 8

Genomes

Answer 8

A complete set of DNA in a cell

Question 9

Haploid

Answer 9

Cells that contain one set of chromosomes (gametes)

Question 10

Diploid

Answer 10

Cells that contain two sets of chromosomes (somatic/body cells)

Question 11

How many chromosomes are there?

Answer 11

46, 23 pairs

Question 12

Homologous Chromosome

Answer 12

Identical in size, shape and/or gene location

Question 13

Homozygous

Answer 13

Two recessive alleles

Question 14

Heterozygous

Answer 14

One dominant allele taking over a recessive allele

Question 15

Allele

Answer 15

Gene pairs that are versions of a gene for a trait

Question 16

Dominant Allele

Answer 16

Causes for the Dominant allele trait to be expressed through offspring

Question 17

Recessive Allele

Answer 17

Taken over by Dominant allele and is not expressed through offspring unless both alleles are recessive

Question 18

Genotype

Answer 18

The 2 alleles we express for each gene - genetic make up

Question 19

Phenotype

Answer 19

How the gene is expressed through our physical characteristics

Question 20

Karyotype

Answer 20

A test that evaluates the number and structure of a person’s chromosomes in order to detect abnormalities

Question 21

22 Chromosome pairs are -

Answer 21

Autosomes

Question 22

1 Chromosome pair is -

Answer 22

Sex chromosomes that determine sex of an organism

Question 23

Normal Female Sex Chromosome

Answer 23

XX

Question 24

Normal Male Sex Chromosome

Answer 24

XY

Question 25

3 types of Dominant-Recessive inheritance

Answer 25

Simple D-R
Multiple Allele
Sex linked

Question 26

Multiple Allele

Answer 26

More than 2 types of allele exist - ABO blood group

Question 27

Sex Linked (5)

Answer 27

Female - XX
Male - XY
Genes for a recessive X-linked disorder are only located on the X chromosome (female).
There is no matching gene on the Y chromosome (male) to fight the expression of these disorders.
Therefore, recessive genes for these disorders can be expressed from the mother to the male offspring

Question 28

Polygenic inheritance

Answer 28

When more than one gene determines the characteristic - e.g. skin: AABBCc