Describe Cloud Concepts

Question 1

Shared Responsibility Model

Answer 1

-You and the cloud provider
share responsibility.
-Your choices determine how
much responsibility you
have.
-Cloud providers don’t take
responsibility for everything.

Question 2

What is cloud computing

Answer 2

Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services over the internet. Computing services include common IT infrastructure such as virtual machines, storage, databases, and networking. Cloud services also expand the traditional IT offerings to include things like Internet of Things (IoT), machine learning (ML), and artificial intelligence (AI).

Because cloud computing uses the internet to deliver these services, it doesn’t have to be constrained by physical infrastructure the same way that a traditional datacenter is. That means if you need to increase your IT infrastructure rapidly, you don’t have to wait to build a new datacenter—you can use the cloud to rapidly expand your IT footprint.

Question 3

Private cloud

Answer 3

Let’s start with a private cloud. A private cloud is, in some ways, the natural evolution from a corporate datacenter. It’s a cloud (delivering IT services over the internet) that’s used by a single entity. Private cloud provides much greater control for the company and its IT department. However, it also comes with greater cost and fewer of the benefits of a public cloud deployment. Finally, a private cloud may be hosted from your on site datacenter. It may also be hosted in a dedicated datacenter offsite, potentially even by a third party that has dedicated that datacenter to your company.

Question 4

Public cloud

Answer 4

A public cloud is built, controlled, and maintained by a third-party cloud provider. With a public cloud, anyone that wants to purchase cloud services can access and use resources. The general public availability is a key difference between public and private clouds.

Question 5

Hybrid cloud

Answer 5

A hybrid cloud is a computing environment that uses both public and private clouds in an inter-connected environment. A hybrid cloud environment can be used to allow a private cloud to surge for increased, temporary demand by deploying public cloud resources. Hybrid cloud can be used to provide an extra layer of security.

For example, users can flexibly choose which services to keep in public cloud and which to deploy to their private cloud infrastructure.

Question 6

Benefits of the Public Cloud

Answer 6

Agility

Quick deployment to the
cloud

Easy management

Cost control

Question 7

Downsides of the Public Cloud

Answer 7

Some loss of control

Security and regulatory
requirements

Some loss of flexibility

Shared infrastructure

Question 8

Benefits of the Public Cloud

Answer 8

Agility

Private network

Can be used without
Internet access

Can help control costs

Question 9

Multi-Cloud

Answer 9

A fourth, and increasingly likely scenario is a multi-cloud scenario. In a multi-cloud scenario, you use multiple public cloud providers. Maybe you use different features from different cloud providers. Or maybe you started your cloud journey with one provider and are in the process of migrating to a different provider. Regardless, in a multi-cloud environment you deal with two (or more) public cloud providers and manage resources and security in both environments.

Question 10

Azure Arc

Answer 10

Azure Arc is a set of technologies that helps manage your cloud environment. Azure Arc can help manage your cloud environment, whether it’s a public cloud solely on Azure, a private cloud in your datacenter, a hybrid configuration, or even a multi-cloud environment running on multiple cloud providers at once.

Question 11

Azure VMware Solution

Answer 11

What if you’re already established with VMware in a private cloud environment but want to migrate to a public or hybrid cloud? Azure VMware Solution lets you run your VMware workloads in Azure with seamless integration and scalability.

Question 12

Downsides of the Private Cloud

Answer 12

If infrastructure is owned,
costs can be high

May not be able to
effectively control access to
data

Question 13

Describe the consumption-based model

Answer 13

When comparing IT infrastructure models, there are two types of expenses to consider. Capital expenditure (CapEx) and operational expenditure (OpEx).

CapEx is typically a one-time, up-front expenditure to purchase or secure tangible resources. A new building, repaving the parking lot, building a datacenter, or buying a company vehicle are examples of CapEx.

In contrast, OpEx is spending money on services or products over time. Renting a convention center, leasing a company vehicle, or signing up for cloud services are all examples of OpEx.

Cloud computing falls under OpEx because cloud computing operates on a consumption-based model. With cloud computing, you don’t pay for the physical infrastructure, the electricity, the security, or anything else associated with maintaining a datacenter. Instead, you pay for the IT resources you use. If you don’t use any IT resources this month, you don’t pay for any IT resources.

With a traditional datacenter, you try to estimate the future resource needs. If you overestimate, you spend more on your datacenter than you need to and potentially waste money. If you underestimate, your datacenter will quickly reach capacity and your applications and services may suffer from decreased performance. Fixing an under-provisioned datacenter can take a long time. You may need to order, receive, and install more hardware. You’ll also need to add power, cooling, and networking for the extra hardware.

In a cloud-based model, you don’t have to worry about getting the resource needs just right. If you find that you need more virtual machines, you add more. If the demand drops and you don’t need as many virtual machines, you remove machines as needed. Either way, you’re only paying for the virtual machines that you use, not the “extra capacity” that the cloud provider has on hand.

Question 14

This consumption-based model has many benefits, including:

Answer 14

No upfront costs.
No need to purchase and manage costly infrastructure that users might not use to its fullest potential.
The ability to pay for more resources when they’re needed.
The ability to stop paying for resources that are no longer needed.

Question 15

Hybrid Cloud Benefits

Answer 15

Keep some systems on-
premises

Better support for legacy
systems

Maintain control over data
and infrastructure

Question 16

Hybrid Cloud Drawbacks

Answer 16

Technically complex to
connect systems
Compatibility of data
Additional IT expertise
required

“And finally, the hybrid cloud will require that you have some IT expertise within your company to manage the on-premises resources and those connectivity requirements to your cloud applications.”

Question 17

Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services over the internet by using a pay-as-you-go pricing model. You typically pay only for the cloud services you use, which helps you:

Answer 17

-Plan and manage your operating costs.
-Run your infrastructure more efficiently.
-Scale as your business needs change.

To put it another way, cloud computing is a way to rent compute power and storage from someone else’s datacenter. You can treat cloud resources like you would resources in your own datacenter. However, unlike in your own datacenter, when you’re done using cloud resources, you give them back. You’re billed only for what you use.

Instead of maintaining CPUs and storage in your datacenter, you rent them for the time that you need them. The cloud provider takes care of maintaining the underlying infrastructure for you. The cloud enables you to quickly solve your toughest business challenges and bring cutting-edge solutions to your users.

Question 18

What is cloud computing?

Delivery of computing services over the internet.

Delivery of storage services over the internet.

Delivery of websites accessible via the internet.

Answer 18

Delivery of computing services over the internet.

Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services over the internet.

Question 19

Which cloud model uses some datacenters focused on providing cloud services to anyone that wants them, and some data centers that are focused on a single customer?

Public cloud

Hybrid cloud

Multi-cloud

Answer 19

Hybrid Cloud
The hybrid cloud model is a combination of public cloud and private cloud, using both datacenters dedicated solely to one customer and datacenters that are shared with the public.

Question 20

According to the shared responsibility model, which cloud service type places the most responsibility on the customer?

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Software as a Service (SaaS)

Platform as a Service (PaaS)

Answer 20

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

IaaS places the most responsibility on the consumer, with the cloud provider being responsible for the basics of physical security, power, and connectivity.

Question 21

What is Availability?

Answer 21

An application and the systems it uses are accessible by users.

Question 22

What makes an application unavailable?

Answer 22

-A network outage
-An application failure
-A system outage, such as a VM
-A power outage
-A problem with a reliant system, such as a database
-High availability is typically considered to be 99% and higher.

Question 23

What is Vertical Scaling?

Answer 23

this is when you scale from a less powerful machine to a more powerful machine, or a less powerful service to a more powerful service. Maybe that means scaling from a VM with one core to two cores, or a VM with eight gigabytes of memory to a VM with 16 gigabytes of memory. This is commonly referred to as scaling up, but notice here that the arrow is a two way arrow.

Question 24

What is Horizontal Scaling?

Answer 24

this is often referred to as scaling out. This is when you scale to more instances of a resource like a virtual machine. So, for example, you might scale from one virtual machine to four virtual machines like I’ve shown here. Now, when you scale out like this, you’d have four virtual machines that are exactly the same, same configuration, same power. They’d all be running the exact same applications. And when you do this, you’ll also want to have some kind of component that can distribute the load across these machines.

Question 25

High availability

Answer 25

When you’re deploying an application, a service, or any IT resources, it’s important the resources are available when needed. High availability focuses on ensuring maximum availability, regardless of disruptions or events that may occur.

When you’re architecting your solution, you’ll need to account for service availability guarantees. Azure is a highly available cloud environment with uptime guarantees depending on the service. These guarantees are part of the service-level agreements (SLAs).

Question 26

Scalability

Answer 26

Another major benefit of cloud computing is the scalability of cloud resources. Scalability refers to the ability to adjust resources to meet demand. If you suddenly experience peak traffic and your systems are overwhelmed, the ability to scale means you can add more resources to better handle the increased demand.

The other benefit of scalability is that you aren’t overpaying for services. Because the cloud is a consumption-based model, you only pay for what you use. If demand drops off, you can reduce your resources and thereby reduce your costs.

Scaling generally comes in two varieties: vertical and horizontal. Vertical scaling is focused on increasing or decreasing the capabilities of resources. Horizontal scaling is adding or subtracting the number of resources.

Question 27

Vertical scaling

Answer 27

With vertical scaling, if you were developing an app and you needed more processing power, you could vertically scale up to add more CPUs or RAM to the virtual machine. Conversely, if you realized you had over-specified the needs, you could vertically scale down by lowering the CPU or RAM specifications.

Question 28

Horizontal scaling

Answer 28

With horizontal scaling, if you suddenly experienced a steep jump in demand, your deployed resources could be scaled out (either automatically or manually). For example, you could add additional virtual machines or containers, scaling out. In the same manner, if there was a significant drop in demand, deployed resources could be scaled in (either automatically or manually), scaling in.

Question 29

Reliability

Answer 29

Reliability is the ability of a system to recover from failures and continue to function. It’s also one of the pillars of the Microsoft Azure Well-Architected Framework.

The cloud, by virtue of its decentralized design, naturally supports a reliable and resilient infrastructure. With a decentralized design, the cloud enables you to have resources deployed in regions around the world. With this global scale, even if one region has a catastrophic event other regions are still up and running. You can design your applications to automatically take advantage of this increased reliability. In some cases, your cloud environment itself will automatically shift to a different region for you, with no action needed on your part. You’ll learn more about how Azure leverages global scale to provide reliability later in this series.

Question 30

Predictability

Answer 30

Predictability in the cloud lets you move forward with confidence. Predictability can be focused on performance predictability or cost predictability. Both performance and cost predictability are heavily influenced by the Microsoft Azure Well-Architected Framework. Deploy a solution that’s built around this framework and you have a solution whose cost and performance are predictable.

Question 31

Describe the benefits of reliability and predictability in the cloud

Question 32

Performance

Answer 32

Performance predictability focuses on predicting the resources needed to deliver a positive experience for your customers. Autoscaling, load balancing, and high availability are just some of the cloud concepts that support performance predictability. If you suddenly need more resources, autoscaling can deploy additional resources to meet the demand, and then scale back when the demand drops. Or if the traffic is heavily focused on one area, load balancing will help redirect some of the overload to less stressed areas.

Question 33

Cost

Answer 33

Cost predictability is focused on predicting or forecasting the cost of the cloud spend. With the cloud, you can track your resource use in real time, monitor resources to ensure that you’re using them in the most efficient way, and apply data analytics to find patterns and trends that help better plan resource deployments. By operating in the cloud and using cloud analytics and information, you can predict future costs and adjust your resources as needed. You can even use tools like the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) or Pricing Calculator to get an estimate of potential cloud spend.

Question 34

Describe the benefits of security and governance in the cloud

Answer 34

Whether you’re deploying infrastructure as a service or software as a service, cloud features support governance and compliance. Things like set templates help ensure that all your deployed resources meet corporate standards and government regulatory requirements. Plus, you can update all your deployed resources to new standards as standards change. Cloud-based auditing helps flag any resource that’s out of compliance with your corporate standards and provides mitigation strategies. Depending on your operating model, software patches and updates may also automatically be applied, which helps with both governance and security.

On the security side, you can find a cloud solution that matches your security needs. If you want maximum control of security, infrastructure as a service provides you with physical resources but lets you manage the operating systems and installed software, including patches and maintenance. If you want patches and maintenance taken care of automatically, platform as a service or software as a service deployments may be the best cloud strategies for you.

And because the cloud is intended as an over-the-internet delivery of IT resources, cloud providers are typically well suited to handle things like distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks, making your network more robust and secure.

By establishing a good governance footprint early, you can keep your cloud footprint updated, secure, and well managed.

Question 35

Security

Answer 35

Security restricts access to your resources
to only those you allow.

Question 36

Governance

Answer 36

Governance refers to the level of access
someone has, what they can do with that
access, and how they can do it.

Question 37

Describe the benefits of manageability in the cloud

Question 38

Management of the cloud

Answer 38

Management of the cloud speaks to managing your cloud resources. In the cloud, you can:

-Automatically scale resource deployment based on need.
-Deploy resources based on a preconfigured template, removing the need for manual configuration.
-Monitor the health of resources and automatically replace failing resources.
-Receive automatic alerts based on configured metrics, so you’re aware of performance in real time.

Question 39

Management in the cloud

Answer 39

Management in the cloud speaks to how you’re able to manage your cloud environment and resources. You can manage these:

-Through a web portal.
-Using a command line interface.
-Using APIs.
-Using PowerShell.

Question 40

Which type of scaling involves adding or removing resources (such as virtual machines or containers) to meet demand?

Answer 40

Horizontal scaling
Horizontal scaling is adding or subtracting the number of resources.

Question 41

What is characterized as the ability of a system to recover from failures and continue to function?

Answer 41

Reliability
Reliability is the ability of a system to recover from failures and continue to function, and it is one of the pillars of the Microsoft Azure Well-Architected Framework.

Question 42

Describe Infrastructure as a Service

Answer 42

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is the most flexible category of cloud services, as it provides you the maximum amount of control for your cloud resources. In an IaaS model, the cloud provider is responsible for maintaining the hardware, network connectivity (to the internet), and physical security. You’re responsible for everything else: operating system installation, configuration, and maintenance; network configuration; database and storage configuration; and so on. With IaaS, you’re essentially renting the hardware in a cloud datacenter, but what you do with that hardware is up to you.

Question 43

Shared responsibility model (IaaS)

Answer 43

The shared responsibility model applies to all the cloud service types. IaaS places the largest share of responsibility with you. The cloud provider is responsible for maintaining the physical infrastructure and its access to the internet. You’re responsible for installation and configuration, patching and updates, and security.

Question 44

Scenarios
Some common scenarios where IaaS might make sense include:

Answer 44

Lift-and-shift migration: You’re standing up cloud resources similar to your on-prem datacenter, and then simply moving the things running on-prem to running on the IaaS infrastructure.

Testing and development: You have established configurations for development and test environments that you need to rapidly replicate. You can stand up or shut down the different environments rapidly with an IaaS structure, while maintaining complete control.

Question 45

Lift-and-shift migration

Answer 45

You’re standing up cloud resources similar to your on-prem datacenter, and then simply moving the things running on-prem to running on the IaaS infrastructure.

Question 46

Testing and development:

Answer 46

You have established configurations for development and test environments that you need to rapidly replicate. You can stand up or shut down the different environments rapidly with an IaaS structure, while maintaining complete control.

Question 47

Describe Platform as a Service

Answer 47

Platform as a service (PaaS) is a middle ground between renting space in a datacenter (infrastructure as a service) and paying for a complete and deployed solution (software as a service). In a PaaS environment, the cloud provider maintains the physical infrastructure, physical security, and connection to the internet. They also maintain the operating systems, middleware, development tools, and business intelligence services that make up a cloud solution. In a PaaS scenario, you don’t have to worry about the licensing or patching for operating systems and databases.

PaaS is well suited to provide a complete development environment without the headache of maintaining all the development infrastructure.

Question 48

Shared responsibility model (PaaS)

Answer 48

The shared responsibility model applies to all the cloud service types. PaaS splits the responsibility between you and the cloud provider. The cloud provider is responsible for maintaining the physical infrastructure and its access to the internet, just like in IaaS. In the PaaS model, the cloud provider will also maintain the operating systems, databases, and development tools. Think of PaaS like using a domain joined machine: IT maintains the device with regular updates, patches, and refreshes.

Depending on the configuration, you or the cloud provider may be responsible for networking settings and connectivity within your cloud environment, network and application security, and the directory infrastructure.

Question 49

Scenarios
Some common scenarios where PaaS might make sense include:

Answer 49

Development framework: PaaS provides a framework that developers can build upon to develop or customize cloud-based applications. Similar to the way you create an Excel macro, PaaS lets developers create applications using built-in software components. Cloud features such as scalability, high-availability, and multi-tenant capability are included, reducing the amount of coding that developers must do.

Analytics or business intelligence: Tools provided as a service with PaaS allow organizations to analyze and mine their data, finding insights and patterns and predicting outcomes to improve forecasting, product design decisions, investment returns, and other business decisions.

Question 50

Describe Software as a Service

Answer 50

Software as a service (SaaS) is the most complete cloud service model from a product perspective. With SaaS, you’re essentially renting or using a fully developed application. Email, financial software, messaging applications, and connectivity software are all common examples of a SaaS implementation.

While the SaaS model may be the least flexible, it’s also the easiest to get up and running. It requires the least amount of technical knowledge or expertise to fully employ.

Question 51

Shared responsibility model (SaaS)

Answer 51

The shared responsibility model applies to all the cloud service types. SaaS is the model that places the most responsibility with the cloud provider and the least responsibility with the user. In a SaaS environment you’re responsible for the data that you put into the system, the devices that you allow to connect to the system, and the users that have access. Nearly everything else falls to the cloud provider. The cloud provider is responsible for physical security of the datacenters, power, network connectivity, and application development and patching.

Question 52

Scenarios
Some common scenarios for SaaS are:

Answer 52

Email and messaging.
Business productivity applications.
Finance and expense tracking.

Question 53

Which cloud service type is most suited to a lift and shift migration from an on-premises datacenter to a cloud deployment?

Answer 53

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
With an IaaS service type, you can approximate your on-premises environment, making a lift-and-shift transition to the cloud relatively straightforward.