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AANPCB Board Exam > Dermatomes, Reflexes, and Testing > Flashcards

Dermatomes, Reflexes, and Testing Flashcards

1
Q

Testing L2-L4

A

Difficulty with squatting to standing

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2
Q

Test L3

A

Pinprick test of the knee (decreased or absent sensation suggests pathology)

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3
Q

Test L4

A

Dorsiflexion

Heel walking

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4
Q

Testing L5-S1

A

Straight leg raise (sciatic pain = abnormal —> pathology of L5 or S1)

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5
Q

C3

A

Back of neck

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6
Q

C6

A

Radial side of forearm
Thumb
Radial side of pointer finger

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7
Q

C8

A

Ulnar side of forearm
Pinky
Ulnar side of ring finger

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8
Q

T4

A

Nipples

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9
Q

T10

A

Umbilicus

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10
Q

L1

A

Inguinal region

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11
Q

L4

A

Knee

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12
Q

S5

A

Perianal

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13
Q

L5

A

Anterior ankle and foot

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14
Q

Biceps reflex

A

C5, C6

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15
Q

Triceps Reflex

A

C6, C7

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16
Q

Brachioradialis Reflex

A

C5, C6

17
Q

Quadriceps (Patellar) Reflex

A

L2, L3, L4

18
Q

Achilles (Ankle) Reflex

A

L5, S1

19
Q

Plantar Response

A

L5, S1

20
Q

Brudzinski Sign

A

Supine patient
Flex the neck forward until the chin touches the chest

POSITIVE: flexion of hips and knees

21
Q

Kernig Sign

A

Supine patient
Flex patient’s leg at hip and knee
Slowly extend leg & straighten knee

NORMAL: discomfort behind knee during full extension
POSITIVE: pain and increased resistance to leg extension

22
Q

Straight Leg Raise (purpose, how to test, positive)

A

PURPOSE: testing for lumbosacral radiculopathy

Patient supine
Raise patient’s relaxed and straightened leg, flexing at hip
OR flex the knee, raise the patient’s leg, then extend the leg

POSITIVE: pain radiating into leg when sciatic nerve is stretched by extending the leg (pathology at L5 or S1)
NORMAL: tightness or discomfort in buttocks or hamstrings (do not confuse this for radiating pain)

23
Q

Apley Grind Test (purpose, how to test, positive test)

A

PURPOSE: evaluate knee symptoms with suspected meniscus injury

TESTING:
patient prone
bend knee to 90 degrees
compress sole of foot and apply internal and external rotation to the foot/lower leg; use the other hand to stabilize the posterior thigh

POSITIVE: pain or restriction when sole of foot compressed and internal and external rotation applied

24
Q

Lachman Test

A

PURPOSE: to diagnose an ACL injury

HOW TO TEST:
patient supine with knee in 15 degrees of flexion
stabilize femur on lateral side with one hand and proximal tibia on medial side with the other
thumb of tibial hand on joint line
simultaneously pull tibia forward and femur back

POSITIVE: significant forward excursion = positive for ACL tear

25
Q

McMurray Test (purpose, how to test, positive)

A

PURPOSE: to evaluate suspected meniscus injury

HOW TO TEST:
supine patient
grasp heel and flex knee
cup hand over knee going with fingers and thumb along medial joint line
externally rotate lower leg from heel
then push on lateral side to apply VALGUS stress on medial side of joint
simultaneously slow extend lower leg in external rotation
REPEAT same maneuver with internal rotation of foot

FURTHER ASSESS if a click is felt or heard during flexion or extension of the knee OR if tenderness noted along joint line

POSITIVE: pain, snapping, audible clicking, locking

26
Q

define: VALGUS

A

knock-kneed

knees are medially displaced

27
Q

define: VARUS

A

knees are laterally displaced

bow-legged

28
Q

Phalen Test

A

PURPOSE: to diagnose carpal tunnel syndrome

TO TEST: patient’s wrist in complete unforced flexion for 30 seconds to attempt to elicit nerve entrapment sx, e.g. tingling
hold the dorsal side of the hands together

POSITIVE: tingling in thumb, index finger, middle finger, and lateral half of ring finger
indicates carpal tunnel syndrome via pressure on median nerve

29
Q

Squat and Stand

A

L2-L4 innervates hip flexors and knee extensors

POSITIVE: difficulty or inability to squat (pathology with L2-L4 nerve roots)

30
Q

Heel Walking

A

PURPOSE: evaluate L4-L5

POSITIVE: difficulty or inability to stand or walk on heels

31
Q

Toe Walking

A

PURPOSE: test S1 nerve roots

POSITIVE: difficulty or inability to walk on toes (pathology of S1 nerve roots)

32
Q

Hawkins-Kennedy Test (purpose, how to test, positive test)

A

PURPOSE: to test for subacromial impingement syndrome

WEAK TEST: sensitivity 58-80%; specificity 56-70%; inter-rater reliability of 0.38

TESTING:
patient seated
affected arm in 90 degrees of shoulder flexion
elbow flexed to 90 degrees
examiner fixates scapula with one hand and holds patient’s elbow with other hand
add passive internal rotation of glenohumeral joint

POSITIVE: reproduction of shoulder pain

33
Q

NAME OF TEST (purpose, how to test, positive test)

A

PURPOSE:

TESTING:

POSITIVE:

AANPCB Board Exam (4 decks)

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