Dermatology Flashcards
What are 3 skin diseases caused by Staphylococcus?
- Pyoderma (S. pseudintermedius in dog/ S. aureus in cats & horses)
- Greasy Pig (S. hyicus)
- Bumblefoot (S. aureus-most common)
What are 3 microbial agents that present as pruritus?
- Malessezia pachydermis
- Pseudomonas
- Staphylococcus
What test do you use to differentiate between pathogenic species of staph and poorer pathogenic staph?
Coagulase (clumping factor) tests (biochemical) determine coagulase +ve (pathogenic spp. s. aureus and s. pseudintermedius)
and poor pathogens (coagulase -ve) e.g. s. epidermidis, s. saprophyticus
What are the major virulence factors that pathogenic Staphylococcus have?
- Intracellular survival * KEY PRINCIPLE (evade immune system; evad antibiotics)
- Capsule and pseudo-capsule - (anti-phagocytic properties)
- Exotoxins - cytotoxins
Which Pseudomonas spp. is of major veterinary importance?
Pseudomonas aeroginosa
any other spp. isolated is not significant.
What is the major clinical sign of a Staphylococcus infection?
KEY PRINCIPLE:
Underlying disease process is usually one of suppuration & abscess formation which is typical of PYOGENIC bacteria (i.e. Staph, Strep & Corynebacterium)
How does pus form?
Pyogenic bacteria invade tissues, cause vasodilation,
marked exudation of neutrophils from blood vessels,
Neutrophils then move toward bacteria (chemotaxis), However, pathogenic bacteria are anti-phagocytic and produce toxins that kill cells (incl. phagocytic cells).
Enzymes liberated from dead neutrophils bring about additional tissue destruction..
Results in partial liquefaction of dead tissue and phagocytic cells –> becomes visible as thick, yellow pus.
Pus is viscous due to large amounts of DNA from the nuclei of dead cells.
How may Staphylococcus present clinically?
- small pustules or
- Big walled-off abscesses
T/F: Staph are part of normal flora
TRUE, they are very common contaminants.
Therefore in order to place significance on an isolation on staph:
- sample must be collected appropes
- evidence of inflammation
- staph isolated with the inflammation (e.g. intracellular bact)
- Pathogenic staph are isolated (and preferable coagulase +ve)
What are the principles of Tx for Staph infections?
- DRAINAGE - ABs penetrate poorly into abscess
- Prolonged ABs in systemic diseases - Intracellular survival
- If simple, localised infections, topical Tx usually effective –> AVOID CONCURRENT ABs and GLUCOCORTICOIDS
- Increasing levels of AB resistance -> C&S testig for complicated infections
What are the 4(-5) microbial causes of ulceration, crusting & alopecia?
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Dermatophylis congolensis
- Feline herpes/calicivirus
- Ovine scabby mouth (known as Orf or parapoxvirus)
What is ulceration of the skin?
break in the continuity of the epidermis
(erosion = partial thickness defect)
(ulcer = full thickness defect)
What is crusting of the skin?
liquid debris (exudates. serum, blood, pus) that has dried on the surface of the skin (often covers erosions/ulcers)
What is an infection caused by Dermatophylis congolensis (Dermatophilosis) commonly known as in horses?
‘Rain scald’,
also, rain rot, greasy heel
What is an infection caused by Dermatophylis congolensis (Dermatophylosis) commonly known as in sheep?
‘Lumpy wool’, ‘mycotic dermatitis’ and ‘strawberry foot’
List some features of Dermatophylis congolensis:
- Branching; Gram +ve; filamentous rods
- facultatively anaerobic
- looks like railroad/tram tracks
- interesting lifecycle
- in order to cause disease -> need host compromise
- Obligate parasite of the skin (may exist saprophytically only transitory, it cannot multiply in soil)
- Reservoir for the bacteria are infected animals (mostly cattle, goats, sheep & horses)
- worldwide dist.
Outline the lifecycle of dermatophylis:
- Reproductive unit = zoospore
- Zoospore germinates forming germ tube
- Germ tube elongates & thickens, divides both longitudinally and transversely and forms a strand several layers thick
- strand is enclosed within gelatinous sheath & constituent cells become cocoid as they differentiate into multi-flagellated zoospores
- The zoospores are then liberated as the strand disintegrates, completing the lifecycle.
What is the rule of 3’s for Dermatophytes?
- 3 genera of fungi (Microsporum spp.; Trichophyton spp. & Epidermophyton spp.)
- 3 ecological niches (Geophilic, zoophilic, anthropophilic)
- 3 spp. associated with cats & dogs (Microsporum canis; Microsporum gypseum; Trichophyton mentagrophytes)
- 3 main ways to diagnose Dermatophyte infections (Trichogram; Wood’s lamp; & fungal culture)
What are the main differential diagnoses for pruritic skin diseases in dogs?
Ecto: fleas, scabies, demodicosis, mites
Microbial skin infections; staphyloccocal pyoderma, malessezia pachydermatis; Pseudomonas
Allergies: FAD, Atopic dermatitis, Insect bite hypersensitiviity, contact dermatitis
Neoplastic skin disease; cutaneous lymphoma
What are the microbial suspects of cutaneous skin masses?
- Viruses: papilloma viruses & poxviruses
2. Fungi: Cryptococcus