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PHAR 224 > Dermatologicals > Flashcards

Dermatologicals Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

what are the 5 layers of the epidermis

A 
stratum corneum 
stratum lucidum 
stratum granulosum 
stratum spinosum
stratum germinativum
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2
Q

what are the layers of the skin

A

epidermis
dermis
subcutaneous tissue

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3
Q

what is the pH of the epidermis

A

acidic (pH=5.5)

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4
Q

role of the stratum corneum

A

major permeability barrier of the skin, controls percutaneous absorption

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5
Q

role of the stratum lucidum

A

responsible for skin stretch

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6
Q

role of the stratum granulosum

A

Site of biochemical activity (bioreactor)

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7
Q

role of the stratum spinosum

A

Change their morphology based on pressure placed on the skin

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8
Q

role of the stratum germinativum

A

□ Nucleated basal cells: dividing (mitosis) layer which replaces the shedding cells of stratum corneum

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9
Q

where are the nerves and blood vessels of the skin located?

A

dermis

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10
Q

what is the sink effect

A

Vascular supply: sink effect (dugs don’t accumulate in the skin–>the concentration gradient is always optimal

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11
Q

what is the function of the subcutaneous tissue

A 
thermal barrier (Passive barrier doesn’t actually regulate heat: dermis blood vessels contract or expands based on heat)  
mechanical cushion
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12
Q

functions of the skin

A

elasticity

protective

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13
Q

what is an oleaginous base

A

○ Single phase–>ointments

Properties:
Hydrophobic 
Greasy 
Non-water washable 
occlusive 
emollient
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14
Q

what does occlusion mean

A

formation of an impermeable layer on the skin to prevent evaporation of water

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15
Q

what does emollient mean

A

softens skin

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16
Q

advantages of oleaginous bases

A

Very stable vehicles
Non-irritating
Non-sensitizing
High compatibility with drugs (generally neutral)

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17
Q

disadvantages of oleaginous bases

A

Greasiness
Stains clothing
Difficult to remove
Low patient acceptance (

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18
Q

what are the liquids used to form oleaginous bases

A

fats and fixed oils Examples: almond, corn, cottonseed, olive, peanut, safflower, sesame seed, soybean oils

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19
Q

what are semisolids used to form oleaginous bases

A

Petrolatum and white petrolatum

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20
Q

what solids are used to form oleaginous bases

A

waxes

paraffin

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21
Q

do oleaginous bases need penetration enhancers

A

Yes

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22
Q

how do permeation enhancers work

A

fluidization of the stratum corneum lipids

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23
Q

do oleaginous bases require antimicrobials

A

No as they dont contain water

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24
Q

do oleaginous bases need levigating agents

A

yes when incorporating a powder into the ointment
they are less than 5% of the formula
mineral oil
or the base can be used

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25
describe the process of fusion
melt the components together starting with the lowest melting point then its is cooled with constant stirring until congealed
26
what are absorption bases
``` Non-water washable bases Hydrophobic Greasy Anhydrous; hydrophilic components provide water-absorbing properties Upon water addition form w/o emulsions Occlusive Emollient Used in oozing conditions ```
27
main components of absorption bases
Fats and fixed oils Mineral oil Petrolatum and white petrolatum Waxes
28
other excipients of absorptive bases
All have water-absorbing capacity Upon addition of water, form w/o emulsions ex: lanolin, hydrous lanolin, cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, stearic acid, oleic acid, glycerol monostearate, cholesterol
29
do absorptive bases need an antioxidant
Yes | BHA, BHT, alpha-tocopherol
30
do absorptive bases need penetration enhancers
determined on a case by case basis
31
do absorptive bases need antimicrobials
NO
32
use of levigating agents in absorptive bases
mineral oil isopropyl myristate glycerol, propylene glycol absorption base can also be used
33
what is an emulsifying base
Water washable bases Anhydrous bases containing o/w emulsifying agents Cream-like appearance Miscible with water Self-emulsifying Upon addition of water form o/w emulsions Emollient
34
main components of emulsifying bases
Fats and fixed oils Mineral oil Petrolatum and white petrolatum Waxes
35
are emulsifying agents needed in emulsifying bases
Yes, mostly hydrophilic emulsifying agents (SURFACTANTS)
36
are antimicrobials needed in emulsifying bases
NO
37
are antioxidants needed for emulsifying bases
YES | BHA, BHT, alpha-tocopherol
38
do penetration enhancers need to be used in emulsifying bases
on a case by case basis
39
when a levigating agent needs to be used for incorporating a solid into an emulsion base what are the options
``` less than 5% of the formula mineral oil isopropyl myristate glycerol, propylene glycol emulsifying base can also b used ```
40
for a dermatological emulsion what state is the oil phase
semi-solid
41
what are the characteristics of a w/o dermatological emulsion
Greasier than o/w emulsions (because oil phase is external) Emollient, cleansing action Capable of absorbing oil-soluble compounds from the skin (make-up remover)
42
what are the components of an w/o emulsion
Oil phase: all liquid, semisolid and solid excipients used for oleaginous bases: Fats and fixed oils, Mineral oil, Petrolatum and white petrolatum, Waxes Emulsifying agents: Mostly surfactants Water phase
43
what are the characteristics of a o/w dermatological emulsion
Water washable Soft Non-occlusive Moisturizing (increases water content-->restores hydration of the skin) Penetration enhancement of the drug compounds
44
are antioxidants used in emulsions?
Oil-soluble antioxidants: BHT,BHA, Alpha-tocopherol | Water-soluble: Ascorbic acid, Sodium bisulfate
45
do penetration enhancers need to be used in emulsions
evaluated on a case by case basis | Isopropyl myristate, oleic acid, oleyl alcohol
46
are preservatives required in emulsions
YES:essential ex: alcohol, benzoic acid, phenols, methyl and propyl parabens
47
are humectants required for emulsions
Yes | propylene glycol, glycerol, PEG
48
is a levigating agent required to incorporate a solid into an emulsifying base
sometimes use mineral oil, isopropyl myristate can also use the water phase
49
what is a paste
Oleaginous bases with 20% or more solids suspended in the base
50
excipients of a paste
``` Hydrocarbon bases: all liquid, semisolid, and solid excipients used for oleaginous bases Fats and fixed oils Mineral oil Petrolatum and white petrolatum Waxes ```
51
is a paste water washable
NO, forms a thick impermeable layer on the skin as a protective action
52
is the use of a levigating agent appropriate
NO
53
what is a hydrophillic base
water washable base Ointment like consistency (soften or melt on the skin) Non-occlusive, mix with skin exudates Doesn’t stain clothes (greaseless) Non-irritant Chemically stable: dont hydrolyze, deteriorate, don’t support mold growth Cannot take up more than 8% water (loose consistency)
54
what are some incompatibilities with hydrophilic bases
Reduce the antimicrobial activity of quaternary ammonium compounds and parabens Inactivate bacitracin and penicillin
55
what are the advantages of hydrophilic bases
Anhydrous-->useful for drugs that hydrolyze | Good patient compliance: non-staining, non-occlusive
56
what are examples of hydrophilic bases
Mixtures of low and high molecular weight polyethylene glycols (PEG): MW 200-700-->liquid MW 1000-->semi solid MW>1000-->increasingly solid (flaky)
57
do hydrophillic bases require antioxidants
yes | water soluble antioxidants: ascorbic acid, sodium bisulfate
58
do hydrophilic bases require penetration enhancers
can use propylene glycol
59
do hydrophilic bases require humectants or preservatives
NO
60
what are gels
Water washable bases Liquid-rich two-component semi-solid colloidal systems Natural or synthetic polymers form a 3D matrix throughout a hydrophilic liquid Properties: Dissolves in water, Good for hairy areas, Water-soluble drugs are easily incorporated either dissolved in the aqueous phase or dispersed in gel
61
do gels require antioxidants
ascorbic acid, sodium bisulfate
62
do gels require penetration enhancers
case by case | propylene glycol can be used
63
are preservatives required
can use the parabens
64
are humectants required in gels
YES: prevents product from drying out ex: propylene glycol, glycerol, PEG
65
what is special about compounding gels
require time for hydration: sometimes takes up to 24 hours
66
what is a newtonian system
Flow in which viscosity is a constant value: it doesn’t change with the force applied to it
67
what is a non-newtonian system
Flow in which viscosity isnt a constant value-->viscosity changes with the force applied to it
68
what is plastic flow
Materials will not flow if the shear stress is below a certain value (liquid flows quite readily once the yield value is exceeded) Ex: flocculated suspensions, ointments, creams, ketchup
69
what is pseudoplastic flow
Material shows decreasing viscosity with increasing shear rate=shear thinning Solution at rest the interactions between molecules develops and chains become tangled With stirring/shaking the interactions decrease and therefore viscosity
70
what is dilantant flow
Viscosity increases with increasing shear rate=shear thickening By increasing shear rate the particles become displaced from their even distribution-->clumps form-->increased resistance to flow-->material appears paste like
71
what is thixotropy
Reversible time-dependent decrease in apparent viscosity-->gel-sol-gel Viscosity is dependent on the length of time shear stress is applied The structure of the liquid doesn’t reform immediately after altering its original flow properties

PHAR 224 (7 decks)

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