Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Disease and Defense III > Dermal Structure and Disease > Flashcards

Dermal Structure and Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Term used to describe the admixture of collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and ground substance of which are all synthesized by dermal fibroblasts

A

dermal matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

interlocking of epidermis and dermis

A

dermoepidermal junction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

downward projection of epidermis

A

epidermal rete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

interlocking dermoepidermal junction (2 functions)

A

increased sa

increased strength adherence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

provides the tensile strength of the skin

A

collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

comprises 85% wt of adult dermis

A

collagen I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

procollagen is synethesized

A

intracellulary within fibroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

procollagen consists of

A

three separate chains of proteins arranged in an alpha helical structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

characteristic pattern of procollagen

A

striations with 68nm intervals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

collagen chain repeating unit

A

Gly X Y
X = proline
Y = hydroxyproline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

once the collagen proteins are synthesized, what happens?

A

they are secreted and assembled into collagen fibrils extracellularly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

cofactor required for collagen fibril assembly

A

VitC (Ascorbic acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Acquired abnormality in collagen production

A

scurvy (vit-c deficiency)

  • poor wound healing
  • poor hair growth
  • fragile blood vessels
  • teeth fall out
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

congenital abnormailties in collagen production?

A

ehlers danlos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

4 clinical features of ehlers danlos

A

skin hyperextensibility
joint hypermobility
tissue fragility
poor wound healing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Genetic defect –> disordered collagen production

A

ehlers danlos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

provide skin with tensile strenght

A

collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

provide skin with resliency

A

elastic fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what do collagen fibers look like under microscope

A

large eosinophilic (pink) bundles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

elastic fibers under microscope

A

agryophilic (silver loving)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

acquired eslatic fiber disorder

A

solar elastosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

solar elastosis - cause

A

accumulation of significant sun damage over lifetime –> degeneration of elastic fibers –> clump / aggregate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

sun-damage elastic fibers in solar elastosis under microscope?

A

basophilic - important when evaluating for sun induced neoplasms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

inherited (Genetic) elastin disorders?

A

PXE

Pseudoxanthoma elasticum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Pseudoxanthoma elasticum =

A

genetic disorder effecting elastin

caused by mutation in gene encoding for part of the “multidrug resistance complex”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What happens in Pseudoxanthoma elasticum

A

elastic fibers of the dermis become enlarged, tangled, and calcified resulting in a characteristic purple blue color

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

clinical sign of PXE

A

Plucked chicken apperence of skin in flexural areas -

elastic fibers of the blood vessels are also damaged leading to hypertension adn bleeding disorders, particularly of the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

ground substance is composed of?

A

glycosaminoglycans: hyaluronic acid / dermatan sulphate

fibronectins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

function of ground substance

A

sponge - helps facilitate nourishment via diffusion - water based environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

ground substance life cycle

A

in contrast to collagen fibers which are renewed mostly when necessary, the ground substance is constantly being destroyed by enzymes and renew via production from friboblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

enzyme that eats ground substance

A

hyaluronidase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

why is hyaluronic acid (restylane) such a good filler

A

it is a natural substance that is already present in teh skin and it does not engender an immune response while absorbing a tremendous amount of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

two levels of vasculature of dermis

A

superficial

deep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

important function of cutaneous vascular system

3

A

wound healing
control of homeostasis (Temp)
modulation of inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

wound healing of cutaneous vasculature - the _________, a single cell lining on the innermost surface of blood vessels elaborate important cytokines including ________________

A

endothelium

endothelial growth factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

the cutaneous vasculature

homeostasis - via a structure called_______________, a smooth muscle derived valve-like structure, blood may be directed twoard teh skin during overheating or away during hypothermia

A

Sucquet-Hoyer canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

cutaneous vasculature - modulation of inflammation - via the expression of _____________________ white blood cells begin the process of first adhering and rolling, and second diapedesis, so that they may exit the vasculature to fight infection in the skin and soft tissue

A

ICAMs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

The actual capillary structures of the skin are contained in the

A

uppermost portion of the papillary dermis - a portion sometimes called the suprapapillary plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Auspitz sign

A

when thickened scaled of psoriasis are forcefully removed, pinpoint bleeding is noted in the area of removal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

The presence of central thrombosed capillar loops is reassuring that a neoplasm is in fact a

A

verruca - wart (viral neoplasm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

leukocytocalstic vasculitis

A

common disease involving post capillary venules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what happens in leukocytoclastic vasculitis

A

formation of immune complexes - (most commonly due to strep) - precipitation of complexes in the walls of vessels leads to disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What type of immune reaction is leukocytoclastic vasculitis

A

TYPE III

Gel and Coombs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What happens as a result of immune complex precipitation in leukocytoclastic vasculitis

A

leads to inflammation - neutorphils attach to vessel wall and degranulate leading to damage and extravasation of RBCs into the dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

in leukocytoclastic vasculitis what is it called when there is the fibrinoid deposition in the vessel walls with infiltrating neutrophils and neutrophil debris?

A

leukocytoclasia :)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Clinically vasculitis manifests as

A

palpable purpura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

why is palpable purpura palpable

A

inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what is purpura purpuric?

A

extravasation of RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Is palpable purpura blanchable

A

no because the RBCs have extravasated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

example of Type I skin reaction

A

IgE - immediate

urticaria (Hives)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

example of Type II skin reaction

A

anitbody mediated - bullous pemphigoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

example of Type III skin reaction

A 
immune complex mediated
leukocytoclastic vasculitis (palpable purpura)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

example of Type IV skin reaction

A

delayed type hypersensitive

- allergic contact dermatitis - nickel allergy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

where do free nerve endings traverse?

A

pass through the upper dermis to terminate at the dermoepidermal junction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

free nerve endings sense

A

pain and itch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

itch originates where

A

free nerve endings at dermoepidermal junction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

where is itch conducted

A

centripetally by affarent nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

affarent nerves in pruritus

A

unmyelinated C fibers with slow conduction rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

after entering the spinal cord, the primary affarent nerves of the skin synapse with

A

secondary neurons whose axons cross to the opposite side of the body and travel cephalide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

are itch and pain the same sensory modality

A

no - regardless of the fact that local anesthesia can abolish both - receptors and transmission apparti are thought to differ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Pine cone receptors

A

Meissners - fine touch and tactile discrimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

meissner’s corpuscles are in highest concentration

A

digital aspects of the digits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

onion receptors :)

A

pacinian corpuscles

pressure and virbatory

64
Q

terminal hairs begin

A

deep in the dermal / sub-cu junction

65
Q

vellus hairs -

A

fine apigmented hairs that begin higher in the dermis

66
Q

small smooth msucle which when activated by teh ANS brings hair into a more erect psoition

A

arrector pilli

67
Q

secretes sebum onto hair and idirectly onto skin

A

sebaceous gland

68
Q

local of sebaceous glands

A

face neck chest upper back

69
Q

divide the hair follicle into thirds

A

top - infundibulum
middle - isthmus (sebaceous duct to arrector pilli insertion)
bottom - matrical (bottom)

70
Q

follicular unit is derived from

A

primitive ectodermal germ PEG

71
Q

development of the PEG is an example of _____________ via the _____________

A

induction via
underlying mesenchyme, which will become the dermal papillae of the hair inducing formation of the PEG in the overlying fetal skin

72
Q

BULGES OF THE PEG
Upper
Middle
Loower

A

Lower - attachment for arrector pilli
Middle - sebaceous gland
Upper - apocrine gland (axillae, groin)

73
Q

adult scalp # hairs

A

100,000

74
Q

anagen

A

85% adult hairs (growth phase)

75
Q

telogen

A

10-15% adult hairs (resting)

76
Q

catagen

A

1-5% transition phase between anagen and telogen

77
Q

scalp hairs are what kind

A

terminal hairs

78
Q

andronergic alopecia

A

hairs become miniaturized, finer and lie higher in the dermis - resemble vellus hairs

79
Q

frequency of alopecia

A

50% both sexes

80
Q

important in promoting change from terminal to vellus hair in alopecia?

A

converstion of T to 5-DHT

81
Q

Medicne for male alopecia?

A

finasteride - a 5-alpha reductase inhibitor

82
Q

what does minoxidil do?

A

drug for alopecia that promotes the anagen phase of hair growth - both sexes

83
Q

oil secreting glands?

A

sebaceous

84
Q

Sebaceous glands secrete via?

A

holocrine

85
Q

holocrine secretion

A

involves entire sebocyte

86
Q

requsite to sebum secretion?

A

sex hormones

87
Q

are sebaceous glands innervated by ANS?

A

No!

88
Q

Medicine that decreases sebum production

A

isotretinoin (Accutane)

89
Q

Acne =

A

ubiquitous disorder of the pilosebaceous unit - multifactorial

90
Q

brief cause of acne

A

plugging of the ostia of the pilosebaceous unit by hyperkeratotic debris leads to accumulation of oil within

91
Q

once the ostia of the pilosebaceous unit is plugged by hyperkeratotic debris –> the accumulation of oil causes?

A

propionbacteriam acnes to multiply and convert sebum to pro-inflammatory fatty acids

92
Q

what causes characteristic inflammatory zit?

A

rupturing of the pilosebaceous unit

93
Q

what are blocked pores called?

A

comedones

94
Q

open comedones?

A

blackheads

95
Q

closed comedones?

A

whiteheads

96
Q

general sweat glands =

A

eccrine

97
Q

eccrine sweat gland fx

A

thermoregulation

98
Q

eccrine sweat glands most numerous where?

A

forehead, upper cutaneous lip, palms/soles

99
Q

eccrine secretion type?

A

merocrine -

100
Q

merocrine secretion?

A

The gland releases its product and no part of the gland is lost or damaged (compare holocrine and apocrine). The term eccrine is specifically used to designate merocrine secretions from sweat glands (eccrine sweat glands).

101
Q

eccrine glands develop from?

A

eccrine germ

102
Q

three main components of eccrine gland?

A

coiled secretory portion deep in the dermis

intradermal ducts (coiled and straight duct)

intraepidermal portion (acrosyringium)

103
Q

what portion of the ANS mediates sweating?

A

sympathetic

104
Q

sweating is triggered via?

A

acetylcholine secretion

105
Q

why do drugs that increase acetylcholine levels (neostigmine, physostigmine, organophosphate based peticides) result in increased sweating despite a parasympathetic response systemically?

A

they increase acetylcholine levels - which stimulates sweating

106
Q

what does atropine poisoning (a drug which has anticholinergic activity) result in?

A

warm / flushed / but anhidrotic patient

107
Q

apocrine glands are outgrowths of the?

A

upper bulge of the pirmitive ectoderm

108
Q

apocrine glands are located primarily?

A

axillary and anogenital area

109
Q

speiclized variants of apocrine glands?

A

Moll’s –> eyelids
Cerumen –> external auditory
Lactation –> boobs

110
Q

apocrine glands respond mainly to _____________ stimuli

A

sympathetic adrenergic

111
Q

apocrine gland anatomy

A

coiled portion deep in dermis
straight duct traverse dermis and empties into hair follicle

contractile myoepithelial cells surround the coiled gland - the straight duct runs from the coiled gland to the hair follicle

112
Q

predominant form of apocrine secretion?

A

decapitation -

113
Q

decapitation secretion?

A

portion of the secretory cell cytoplasm pinches off and enters the lumen

114
Q

apocrine sweat? odor

A

initally odorless until contacts normal bacterial flora and odor develops

115
Q

chromohidrosis

A

colored sweat
disorder of apocrine glands
lipofuscin pigment is responsible for colored sweat

116
Q

what accounts for lipofuscin color in chromohidrosis?

A

various oxidative states - yellow / green / blue / black

117
Q

treatment for chromohidrosis?

A

none

118
Q

apoeccrine glands -

A

hybrid sweat glands found chiefly in axilla

119
Q

anatomy of apoeccrine?

A

small diameter portion - similar to eccrine

larger diameter portion - similar to apocrine

120
Q

apoeccrine glands respond to?

A

cholinergic - similar to eccrine

121
Q

where to apoeccrine glands empty

A

directly on to skin surface

122
Q

relative sweat secretion of apoeccrine glands vs eccrine?

A

secrete nearly ten times as much sweat as eccrine

123
Q

hyperhidrosis involves which glands?

A

eccrine and or apoeccrine

124
Q

new and exciting treatment for hyperhidrosis?

A

BOTOX

blocks the release of acetylcholine - thereby blocking the stimulus for sweat production

125
Q

apocrine glands before puberty

A

small and nonfunctional

126
Q

Caused by a mutation in EDA gene
severely decreased sweating
poor temp regulation
sparse hair / abnormal teeth

diagnosis?

A

anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia

127
Q

acquired disorder of eccrine function?

A

miliaria

128
Q

anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia is what type of disorder of eccrine function?

A

congenital

in contrast to miliaria - which is acquired

129
Q

blocked sweat ducts
prickly heat
febrile babies
sweat in dermis :(

what is your diagnosis?

A

miliaria -

acquired disorder of eccrine function

130
Q

classic acquired disorder of sweating?

A

heat shock

131
Q

are eccrine glands from PEG

A

NO!

from eccrine germ (unique)

132
Q

Quintessentail holocrine glands?

A

sebaceous

133
Q

What determines which of the three cycles of hair growth hairs are in?

A

randomly engaged in 1/3 cycles

134
Q

cycles of hair growth rule of three/

A

anagen - 3 years
telogen - 3 months
catagen - 3 weeks

135
Q

catagen =

A

involution

136
Q

itch =

A

pruritis

137
Q

4 commons causes of itch

A

dry skin (xerosis)
infection (HIV)
infestation (scabies / lice)
metabolic disorders (renal failure)

138
Q

two important types of nerve fibers to be aware of?

A

Type A - heavily myelinated - conduct rapidly

Type C - unmyelinate - conduct slowly

139
Q

Typa A alpha fibers?

A

propioception - large motor units

largest

140
Q

Type A beta fibers

A

carries touch

141
Q

Type A gamma fibers

A

spindle organs in the muscle stretch receptor

142
Q

Type A delta fibers

A

fast localizing initial component of pain

143
Q

Type C fibers

A

convey sensation of diffuse, dull, non-localized

temperature and itch

144
Q

common causes of vasculitis?

A

drug hypersensitivity
infection
neoplastic disorder
collagen vascular disease

145
Q

congenital problemos of ground substance/

A

none

146
Q

ground substance is glued together with

A

fibronectins

147
Q

glycosaminoglycans of ground substance

A

hyaluronic acid

dermatan sulphate

148
Q

net result of pseudoxanthoma elasticum?

A

calcified brittle elastic fibers

plucked chicken skin

systemic hypertension

arterial rupture (particularly eye)

149
Q

acquired disorder of elastic tissue?

A

solar elastosis

150
Q

congenital disorder of elastic tissue

A

pseudoxanthoma elasticum

151
Q

acquired disorder of collagen?

A

Scurvy

152
Q

congential disorder of collagen?

A

EDS

153
Q

Characteristic clinical signs of scurvy?

A

corkscrew hairs with perifollicular hemorrhage

keratotic plugging of hairs
hemorrhagic gingivitis

154
Q

why does hemorrhage occur in scurvy?

A

lack of collage support for blood vessels

155
Q

where is procollagen synthesized

A

within fibroblasts

Disease and Defense III (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions