Derma Trans 1 Flashcards by Mico Capistrano

What are the 3 layers of the skin

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis

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What type of epithelial tissue makes up the epidermis?

Squamous, keratinized

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What type of connective tissue makes up the dermis

Dense irregular connective tissue

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What type of connective tissue makes up the hypodermis

Modified loose connective tissue

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What are the functions of the dermis

Providing pliability, elasticity, tensile strength

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What are the functions of the hypodermis

Insulator, shock absorber, energy storage

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What are the layers of the epidermis

Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum*
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basale

*only visible in thick skin

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Which side of the stratum corneum is the physical barrier?

Outer - protects against mechanical injury, chemical injury, and microbes

Note: the inner side is the waterproof barrier

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Which epidermal cell produces keratin?

Keratinocyte

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What process leads to the formation of a keratinized layer from the differentiation of keratinocytes?

Keratinization

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How long is the skin cycle? (Until desquamation)

> = 30 days

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What are the 5 steps of keratinization?

Flattening and stacking
Loss of nuclei and organelles
Keratin bundles and matrix
Thickened cell membrane
Intercellular lipid is discharged

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What’s the “brick” in the brick-and-mortar structure?

Squames - keratin-filled squamous cells

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What’s the “mortar” in the brick-and-mortar structure?

Intracellular lipid, mostly ceramide

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[brick-and-mortar structure] Cross-linking proteins underneath the cell membrane

Cornified cell envelope

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Only epidermal layer not part of the differentiating portion

Stratum basale, of the proliferating portion

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Most superficial non-keratinized layer

Stratum granulosum

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Produces filaggrin and tricohyalin

Keratohyalin granules

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The role of filaggrin and tricohyalin

Cement and moisturize

keratin filaments > tonofibrils
granular cells > cornified cells

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Discharges ceramide extracellularly in the stratum granulosum

Lamellar granules

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The thickest epidermal layer

Stratum spinosum

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Connects cells that form a spine-like appearance

Desmosome

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Another name for the stratum basale

Stratum germinativum

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Where is the stratum basale found?

Basal lamina

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What epidermal layer is only visible in thick skin?

Stratum lucidum

What dendritic cell produces melanin?

Melanocyte

What organelle produces melanin?

Melanosome

What amino acid is converted into melanin?

Tyrosine

What are the 2 types of melanin?

Pheomelanin (fair skin), eumelanin (dark skin)

Antigen-presenting cell in the epidermis

Langerhans cell

Sensory receptor for light touch

Merkel cell

Downward projections from the epidermis

Epidermal rete ridges

Upward projections from the dermis

Dermal papillae

Demarcates epidermis from dermis

Basal lamina

Highly vascular layer of the skin

Dermis, nourishes epidermis and appendages

Why are the 2 layers of the dermis

Papillary dermis and reticular dermis

[Dermis] layer that is more amorphous than fibrous?

Papillary dermis

[Dermis] layer that is more fibrous than amorphous?

Reticular dermis

[Dermis] layer with type III collagen

Papillary dermis Reticular dermis - type I

How is blood supplied to the epidermis?

Via capillary loops in the dermal papilla

What’s the shape of the eccrine gland?

Simple coiled tubular

What type of secretion does the eccrine gland have?

Merocrine

What are the 2 segments of the eccrine gland?

Ductal and secretory

What are the components of sweat?

Sodium chloride, urea, lactate, ammonia, amino acids, proteins, drugs

What are the 2 encapsulated nerve receptors in the skin?

Meisnner corpuscle and pacinian corpuscle

Encapsulated nerve receptor in the dermal papillae

Meissner corpuscle

Encapsulated nerve receptor in the hypodermis

Pacinian corpuscle

Rapidly adapting touch receptor

Meissner corpuscle

Receptor for pressure and vibration

Pacinian corpuscle

What are the three skin appendages

Hair, nail, glands

What are the three glands in the skin

Eccrine, sebaceous, apocrine

Elongated keratinized structures synonymous with the stratum corneum

Hair

Areas without hair

Palms, soles, and mucocutaneous junctions

Types of hair

Vellus and terminal

Long, coarse, more pigmented hair type

Terminal hair

Fine, soft, lightly-pigmented, superficial hair type

Vellus

Functions of hair

1. Sensation 2. Immune/epidermal cell reserve 3. Protection 4. Thermoregulation

Smooth muscle attached to the follicle and underside of the epidermis

Arrector pili

Components of the pilosebaceous unit

Hair follicles, sebaceous glad, apocrine glad (not always), arrector pili

What differentiates the “hard keratin” of the hair from the “soft keratin” of the skin

More sulfur-rich bonds and more closely-packed — no filaggrin

Forms the roof shingle-like structure of hair

Sheath cuticle

Invagination of the epidermis where hair is formed

Hair follicle

Three segments of the hair follicle

1. Infundibulum 2. Isthmus 3. Inferior segment

“Bulge”, where stem cells in the hair follicle are found

Opening of the sebaceous gland

Temporary hair follicle segment containing the hair bulb

Inferior segment

Equivalent to the stratum basale, has hair melanocytes

Hair matix/root

Equivalent to dermal papillae, teardrop-shaped

Hair papilla

4 concentric layers of the hair follicle

Hair shaft, internal root sheath, external root sheath, fibrous sheath

Concentric layers that grow out together

Hair shaft and internal root sheath

Vacuolated concentric layer of the hair follicle

External root sheath

Connective tissue around the hair follicle

Fibrous sheath

Longest stage of hair development

Anagen (growing stage)

Two parts interacting to form hair

Hair matrix and hair papillae

Determinants of maximum anagen duration

Genetics, hair location (eyelashes - 6 weeks, scalp - 3 years)

Stage wherein hair growth stops, the hair matrix retracts into a club hair, and the hair papillae becomes a remnant

Catagen (regressing stage)

Stage where the follicle atrophied and hair is eventually lost

Telogen (resting stage)

Sebaceous gland shape

Simple branched alveolar gland

Type of secretion of the sebaceous gland

Holocrine

Functions of sebum

Lubricant, soften thin skin, make hairs flexible

Main component of sebum

Triglycerides

Hormone controlling the sebaceous glands

Androgen

Type of secretion of the apocrine gland

Merocrine

Role of the apocrine gland in animals

Pheromones

Locations of the apocrine gland

Axillae, mons pubis, circumamal region

Only gland with apocrine type of secretion

Mammary gland

Stain to visualize melanocytes

Fontana-Masson Stain

Stain to visualize langerhans cells

Gold chloride, immunostaining

These flash cards are dedicated to

Gelo de Grano