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OS 203 > Derma Trans 1 > Flashcards

Derma Trans 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 layers of the skin

A
  1. Epidermis
  2. Dermis
  3. Hypodermis
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2
Q

What type of epithelial tissue makes up the epidermis?

A

Squamous, keratinized

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3
Q

What type of connective tissue makes up the dermis

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

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4
Q

What type of connective tissue makes up the hypodermis

A

Modified loose connective tissue

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5
Q

What are the functions of the dermis

A

Providing pliability, elasticity, tensile strength

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6
Q

What are the functions of the hypodermis

A

Insulator, shock absorber, energy storage

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7
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis

A
  1. Stratum Corneum
  2. Stratum Lucidum*
  3. Stratum Granulosum
  4. Stratum Spinosum
  5. Stratum Basale

*only visible in thick skin

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8
Q

Which side of the stratum corneum is the physical barrier?

A

Outer - protects against mechanical injury, chemical injury, and microbes

Note: the inner side is the waterproof barrier

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9
Q

Which epidermal cell produces keratin?

A

Keratinocyte

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10
Q

What process leads to the formation of a keratinized layer from the differentiation of keratinocytes?

A

Keratinization

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11
Q

How long is the skin cycle? (Until desquamation)

A

> = 30 days

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12
Q

What are the 5 steps of keratinization?

A
  1. Flattening and stacking
  2. Loss of nuclei and organelles
  3. Keratin bundles and matrix
  4. Thickened cell membrane
  5. Intercellular lipid is discharged
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13
Q

What’s the “brick” in the brick-and-mortar structure?

A

Squames - keratin-filled squamous cells

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14
Q

What’s the “mortar” in the brick-and-mortar structure?

A

Intracellular lipid, mostly ceramide

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15
Q

[brick-and-mortar structure] Cross-linking proteins underneath the cell membrane

A

Cornified cell envelope

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16
Q

Only epidermal layer not part of the differentiating portion

A

Stratum basale, of the proliferating portion

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17
Q

Most superficial non-keratinized layer

A

Stratum granulosum

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18
Q

Produces filaggrin and tricohyalin

A

Keratohyalin granules

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19
Q

The role of filaggrin and tricohyalin

A

Cement and moisturize

  • keratin filaments > tonofibrils
  • granular cells > cornified cells
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20
Q

Discharges ceramide extracellularly in the stratum granulosum

A

Lamellar granules

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21
Q

The thickest epidermal layer

A

Stratum spinosum

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22
Q

Connects cells that form a spine-like appearance

A

Desmosome

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23
Q

Another name for the stratum basale

A

Stratum germinativum

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24
Q

Where is the stratum basale found?

A

Basal lamina

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25
Q

What epidermal layer is only visible in thick skin?

A

Stratum lucidum

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26
Q

What dendritic cell produces melanin?

A

Melanocyte

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27
Q

What organelle produces melanin?

A

Melanosome

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28
Q

What amino acid is converted into melanin?

A

Tyrosine

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29
Q

What are the 2 types of melanin?

A

Pheomelanin (fair skin), eumelanin (dark skin)

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30
Q

Antigen-presenting cell in the epidermis

A

Langerhans cell

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31
Q

Sensory receptor for light touch

A

Merkel cell

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32
Q

Downward projections from the epidermis

A

Epidermal rete ridges

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33
Q

Upward projections from the dermis

A

Dermal papillae

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34
Q

Demarcates epidermis from dermis

A

Basal lamina

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35
Q

Highly vascular layer of the skin

A

Dermis, nourishes epidermis and appendages

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36
Q

Why are the 2 layers of the dermis

A

Papillary dermis and reticular dermis

37
Q

[Dermis] layer that is more amorphous than fibrous?

A

Papillary dermis

38
Q

[Dermis] layer that is more fibrous than amorphous?

A

Reticular dermis

39
Q

[Dermis] layer with type III collagen

A

Papillary dermis

Reticular dermis - type I

40
Q

How is blood supplied to the epidermis?

A

Via capillary loops in the dermal papilla

41
Q

What’s the shape of the eccrine gland?

A

Simple coiled tubular

42
Q

What type of secretion does the eccrine gland have?

A

Merocrine

43
Q

What are the 2 segments of the eccrine gland?

A

Ductal and secretory

44
Q

What are the components of sweat?

A

Sodium chloride, urea, lactate, ammonia, amino acids, proteins, drugs

45
Q

What are the 2 encapsulated nerve receptors in the skin?

A

Meisnner corpuscle and pacinian corpuscle

46
Q

Encapsulated nerve receptor in the dermal papillae

A

Meissner corpuscle

47
Q

Encapsulated nerve receptor in the hypodermis

A

Pacinian corpuscle

48
Q

Rapidly adapting touch receptor

A

Meissner corpuscle

49
Q

Receptor for pressure and vibration

A

Pacinian corpuscle

50
Q

What are the three skin appendages

A

Hair, nail, glands

51
Q

What are the three glands in the skin

A

Eccrine, sebaceous, apocrine

52
Q

Elongated keratinized structures synonymous with the stratum corneum

A

Hair

53
Q

Areas without hair

A

Palms, soles, and mucocutaneous junctions

54
Q

Types of hair

A

Vellus and terminal

55
Q

Long, coarse, more pigmented hair type

A

Terminal hair

56
Q

Fine, soft, lightly-pigmented, superficial hair type

A

Vellus

57
Q

Functions of hair

A
  1. Sensation
  2. Immune/epidermal cell reserve
  3. Protection
  4. Thermoregulation
58
Q

Smooth muscle attached to the follicle and underside of the epidermis

A

Arrector pili

59
Q

Components of the pilosebaceous unit

A

Hair follicles, sebaceous glad, apocrine glad (not always), arrector pili

60
Q

What differentiates the “hard keratin” of the hair from the “soft keratin” of the skin

A

More sulfur-rich bonds and more closely-packed — no filaggrin

61
Q

Forms the roof shingle-like structure of hair

A

Sheath cuticle

62
Q

Invagination of the epidermis where hair is formed

A

Hair follicle

63
Q

Three segments of the hair follicle

A
  1. Infundibulum
  2. Isthmus
  3. Inferior segment
64
Q

“Bulge”, where stem cells in the hair follicle are found

A

Opening of the sebaceous gland

65
Q

Temporary hair follicle segment containing the hair bulb

A

Inferior segment

66
Q

Equivalent to the stratum basale, has hair melanocytes

A

Hair matix/root

67
Q

Equivalent to dermal papillae, teardrop-shaped

A

Hair papilla

68
Q

4 concentric layers of the hair follicle

A

Hair shaft, internal root sheath, external root sheath, fibrous sheath

69
Q

Concentric layers that grow out together

A

Hair shaft and internal root sheath

70
Q

Vacuolated concentric layer of the hair follicle

A

External root sheath

71
Q

Connective tissue around the hair follicle

A

Fibrous sheath

72
Q

Longest stage of hair development

A

Anagen (growing stage)

73
Q

Two parts interacting to form hair

A

Hair matrix and hair papillae

74
Q

Determinants of maximum anagen duration

A

Genetics, hair location (eyelashes - 6 weeks, scalp - 3 years)

75
Q

Stage wherein hair growth stops, the hair matrix retracts into a club hair, and the hair papillae becomes a remnant

A

Catagen (regressing stage)

76
Q

Stage where the follicle atrophied and hair is eventually lost

A

Telogen (resting stage)

77
Q

Sebaceous gland shape

A

Simple branched alveolar gland

78
Q

Type of secretion of the sebaceous gland

A

Holocrine

79
Q

Functions of sebum

A

Lubricant, soften thin skin, make hairs flexible

80
Q

Main component of sebum

A

Triglycerides

81
Q

Hormone controlling the sebaceous glands

A

Androgen

82
Q

Type of secretion of the apocrine gland

A

Merocrine

83
Q

Role of the apocrine gland in animals

A

Pheromones

84
Q

Locations of the apocrine gland

A

Axillae, mons pubis, circumamal region

85
Q

Only gland with apocrine type of secretion

A

Mammary gland

86
Q

Stain to visualize melanocytes

A

Fontana-Masson Stain

87
Q

Stain to visualize langerhans cells

A

Gold chloride, immunostaining

88
Q

These flash cards are dedicated to

A

Gelo de Grano

OS 203 (1 decks)

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