Derm Flashcards
What are the types of human tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Which tissue generates the physical force to make the body structures move
Muscle tissue
Which tissue contains contractile cells that provide the ability to move the body in three dimensions
Muscle tissue
Which tissue has the poorest capacity for renewal
Nervous tissue
Which tissue has the best/most renewal
Epithelial tissue
Which tissue stores energy reserves as fat
Connective tissue
What provides contact or adhesion between neighboring cells or between a cell and extra cellular matrix
Cell junctions
What maintains and control transport of materials or signals between cells
Cell junctions
What facilitates the stable adhesion of basal epithelial cells to the underlying basement membrane
Hemidesmosomes
What are the types of epithelial tissue
Covering and lining epithelium
Glandular epithelium
What is an integral part of sense organs for hearing, vision and touch
Covering and lining epithelium
What is the secreting portion of the glands, such as sweat glands
Glandular epithelium
What is the most superficial layer of cells (inner portion)
Apical layer
What is the deepest layer of the cells (closest to the basement: think the bottom)
Basal layer
What is located between the epithelium and underlying connective tissue layer
Basement membrane
What are the ways to classify epithelial tissue
Morphology
Stratification
What is the classification of epithelial cells based on shape
Morphology
What is the classification of epithelial cells based on number of layers
Stratification
What can be keratinized or non-keratinized depending on their location in the body
Squamous epithelium
What is found in areas such as the salivary glands and thyroid follicles
Cuboidal epithelium
What has an apical surface that may have cilia or microvilli and is taller than they are wide
Columnar epithelium
What is useful for organs such as the urinary bladder
Transitional epithelium
What makes epithelium pseudostratified
It is simple epithelium that appears to be stratified because the cell nuclei lie at different levels and not all cells reach the apical surface - it is simple because all the cells rest on the basement membrane
What provides movement of the cell itself or some parasites and movement of particles or substances across or around the cell
Ciliated epithelial cells
What increases the surface area of a cell by multiplying he area 2 dimensions to 3 dimensions
Microvilli
What is a highly-insoluble fibrous protein with water-proofing qualities and high friction resistance
Keratin
What loses their nucleus and organelles to make room for keratin
Keratinocytes
What is found on wet/interior surfaces exposed to considerable wear and tear
Non-keratinized stratified epithelium: found in lining of mouth cavity, tongue, pharynx, esophagus and vagina
What are the most common cells in connective tissue that also synthesize and secrete collagen and elastin
Fibroblasts
What has components of loose connective tissues and function in localized release of compounds important to inflammatory response, innate immunity, and tissue repair
Mast cells
What is very strong and resistant to shear force (HINT: it is the most abundant)
Collagen Fibers
What is specialized for cytoplasmic storage of lipid as neutral fats or less commonly for production of heat (HINT: fat cells)
Adipocytes
What is found in areas such as the stroma of the lungs
Elastic fibers
What provides strength and support in the alls of small blood vessels
Reticular fibers - think net like
What lines the GI, respiratory, reproductive and much of the urinary system
Mucous membrane
What has an epithelial layer that secretes mucous (mucin) via goblet cells and overall prevents cavities from drying out
Mucous membrane (slimy)
What lines a body cavity that doesn’t open directly to exterior and covers organs that lie within the cavity
Serous membrane (oily)
What lines the thoracic cavity
Pleura
What lines the heart cavity
Pericardium
What lines the abdominal cavity
Peritoneum
What lines the joints
Synovial membranes
What is the surface layer of the skin and is not alive
Epidermis
What is comprised of connective tissue and is alive
Dermis
What cells consist of mostly keratin and are shed and replaced here
Stratum corneum
This is found only in palms and soles of the hands and feet
Stratum lucidum
What is losing organelles and nuclei and has infusion of waterproofing lipids
Stratum granulosum
Which are the cells beginning to look flattened
Stratum spinosum
What is the stem cells layer and new cells arise here
Stratum basale
What are the specialized cells of the epidermis and hair follicle with the primary function to synthesize and transfer melanin to adjacent keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Melanocyte numbers are similar in individuals of different racial backgrounds: true or false
True
What cell is responsible for touch and pressure sensed by mechanoreceptors in the skin
Merkel cells
What consists of tactile disc and neuron for touch sensation
Merkel cells
What forms a mobile and dense network of cells that sampling any antigens that attempt to pass through the epidermis
Dendritic cells
What is a large part of the skins adaptive immunity
Dendritic cells
What release secretions directly into the bloodstream
Endocrine glands
What release secretions onto a epithelial surface via a duct
Exocrine glands
What are the exocrine glands
Sebaceous
Sudoriferous
What is an exocrine gland in the skin that opens into a hair follicle and secretes an oily/waxy sebum and is found in all areas of the skin except the palms and soles
Sebaceous glands
What are the types of sudoriferous glands
Eccrine glands
Apocrine glands
Which sudoriferous gland covers nearly the entire body surface, empties directly onto the skin surface, not from the hair follicles and serves as a major thermoregulation component
Eccrine glands
Which gland is attached to the hair follicle and its sweat empties onto the skin via the follicle opening and do not become functional until puberty and have a hormonal activation pattern
Apocrine glands
What is the portion of the nail that is visible and known as the plate
Nail body
What is the visible part of the matrix and also known as the little moon
Lunula
What is the main function of the nails
Protect distal phalanxes and surrounding soft tissues from injuries
Allows for grip
Lack of oxygen in the blood will make the skin appear as what and called what
Bluish and cyanotic
What is due to a buildup of the yellow pigment bilirubin indicating liver disease
Jaundice
What is due to engorgement of capillaries in the dermis with blood - could be due to skin injury, exposure to heat, inflammation, or allergic reaction
Erythema
What could occur in conditions such as shock and anemia
Pallor or paleness
Darker brown to black skin tones indicate what
High melanin rates
Yellow to reddish tones indicate what
High carotene rate
Red to pinkish tones indicate what
High hemoglobin rate
What is the primary determinant of skin color, hair and eye color
Melanin
Melanocytes numbers are approximately the same (with 3-5%) in all people: true of false
True
What is a genetic, recessive-inherited condition characterized by little or no melanin pigment in the eyes, skin or hair
Albinism
What is an acquired depigmentation of the skin characterized by loss of melanocytes
Vitiligo - autoimmune disease
Why does increasing melanin amount and darkness serve an adaptive protective function
Melanin protects the skin against UV radiation damage
What are tattoos considered to be
Lesions
What are the functions of the skin
Temperature regulation
Protection
Cutaneous sensation
Excretion/absorption/synth
What does the skin synthesize and what is the function of that
Vitamin D which is converted to calcitriol which aids in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus
What does infection of the skin usually indicate
Pathogenic or opportunistic microbes invade cellular environment
What are the signs of inflammation
Localized hyperthermia
Erythema
Localized edema
Pain
Loss of function
What are the derm inflammation patterns
Granulomatous inflammation (cystic)
Suppurative inflammation (abscesses)
Ulcerative inflammation (ulcers)
What is intrinsic aging
Natural aging - the inevitable physiologic changes of the skin that occur with time and influenced by genetic and hormonal factors
What is extrinsic aging
Exposure - the preventable structural and functional changes of the skin that occur with exposure to environmental factors, lifestyle, social determinants, and elective cosmetic surgeries
What is the most important source of preventable extrinsic aging
Ultraviolet radiation exposure
What is the regeneration process of tissue repair
Damaged tissue is completely restored to its pre-injury/normal state via new growth. Regeneration can happen continuously (think of the skin shedding all day)
What is the replacement process of tissue repair
Severely damaged or non-regenerable tissues is repaired by the laying down connective tissue, resulting in scarring (think of burns)
What is most rapidly regenerating and repairing tissue and has capacity for continuous renewal
Epithelial tissue
What has adequate capacity; slower than epithelial cells and prone to hyper proliferation (scarring)
Connective tissue
What has relatively poor capacity for renewal. Tissue does not divide rapidly enough to replace extensively damaged muscle fibers
Muscular tissue
What has the poorest capacity for renewal because it does not undergo mitosis to replace damaged neurons
Nervous tissue
What is the time frame for healing during the inflammation phase
1-3 days post injury
What is the time frame for healing during the proliferative phase
2-10 days post injury
What is the time frame for healing during the early remodeling phase
2-3 weeks post-injury
What is the time frame of healing during the late remodeling phase
Months to >1 year
What is healing by primary intention
Done by suturing or manually closing the skin for healing
What is healing by secondary intention
When the boys is healing from the inside-out such as an abscess healing
What questions should be asked for skin specific medications history
Prescriptions, nonprescription medications, vitamins, dietary supplements, herbal remedies started recently
What questions should be asked for for skin specific social history: allergies
Medications, food, environmental antigens, and contactants
What questions should be asked for skin specific social history
Occupation, hobbies/leisure activities, diet, bathing habits, pets, living conditions
What questions should be asked for skin specific family history
Skin diseases, atopy or skin cancer
What is atopy
Exaggerated IgE-mediated immune response triggering a histamine response
What questions should be asked for skin specific prior medical history
Blistering sunburns or chronic UVR exposure during youth and adolescence
What are some atopic disorders
Atopic dermatitis, allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, latex and some food allergies
What is being performed during a skin examination
Inspection and palpation
What are the essential tools for examination for the skin
The IDC’s eyes and hands
What is ring shaped with central clearing
Annular (ring shaped)
What is coin-shaped, solid circle, or oval, uniforms appearance, from the edges to the center
Round (nummular)
What is often a result of incomplete formation of annular lesion
Arcuate (arc-shaped)
What are multiple different shapes located closely together (grab-bag)
Multiform
What is formed from coalescing circles, rings, or incomplete rings
Polycyclic
What is target-like, with a center darker than the periphery
Targetoid
What presents with a central depression of the surface also known as delled
Umbilicated
What is resembling a straight line
Linear such as poison ivy or scratch marks
What is serpentine or snake-like
Serpiginous
What are the extensor locations
Occurring over the dorsal extremities, (extensor muscles, knees and elbows)
What are the flexor locations
Overlying the flexor muscles of the extremities (antecubital and popliteal fossae)
What is flat, circumscribed area of color change less than 1 cm in diameter
Macule
What is a flat, non-palpable, irregularly shaped macule greater than 1 cm in diameter
Patch
What is an elevated, firm, circumscribed area less than 1 cm in diameter
Papule
What is an elevated firm, rough, lesion with flat top greater than 1 cm in diameter
Plaque
What is an elevated, circumscribed, superficial fluid-filled (clear/serous) less than 1 cm
Vesicle
What is an elevated, superficial lesion, similar to a vesicle but filled with purulent fluid
Pustule
What is a vesicle greater than 1 cm
Bulla
What is an elevated, irregularly-shaped, area of cutaneous edema, solid, transient and variable diameter
Wheal (hive)
What is elevated, firm, circumscribed lesion, deeper in the dermis than a papule, 1-2 cm in diameter
Nodule
What is elevated and solid lesion that may or may not be clearly demarcated; deep in dermis and greater than 2 cm
Tumor (mass)
What is an encapsulated lesion in the dermis or hypodermics; filled with liquid or semi-solid material
Cyst
What is fine, irregular, red line produced by capillary dilation
Telangiectasia
What are loose or adherent flake composed of stratum corneum cells
Scales such as psoriasis or seborrheic dermatitis
What is rough and thickened epidermis secondary to persistent rubbing, itching, or irritation
Lichenification such as chronic or atopic dermatitis
What is dried serum, blood, or purulent exudates that present slightly elevated
Crust
What is thick and fibrous tissue that replaces normal skin after injury to the dermis. Epithelial tissue is replaced with connective tissue during the healing process
Scar
What is an overgrowth of scar tissue that remains confined to the site of initial injury that may be raised or flat
Hypertrophic scar
What is irregularly shaped, elevated scar that grows beyond the boundaries of the initial injury or wound
Keloid
What is thinning of the skin and loss of skin markings, skin can turn translucent and paper-like
Atrophy
What is loss of part of the epidermis
Erosion
What is loss of epidermis and dermis
Ulcer
What is loss of the epidermis
Excoriation
What are linear cracks in skin continuity from epidermis to dermis
Fissure
What is loss of all scalp hair
Alopecia totalis
What is loss of all body hair
Alopecia universalis
What are some nail abnormalities - injury
Subungal hematoma
Only holy sis
Onychocryposis
What are some nail abnormalities - infection
Onychomycosis
Paronychia
