Depth Perception and perceptual constancy Flashcards
Figure and Ground
Perceiving objects as distinct from their surroundings
Proximity
Group nearby figures together
Continuity
Perceive smooth and continuous lines
Closure
We fill gaps to create the whole object
Similarity
Items that share a common feature
Connectedness
Items that are physically touching
Monocular cues
Depth cues such as interposition and linear perspective
What are the types of Monocular cues?
Relative size, Relative motion, interposition, Relative Height, linear perspective, light and shadow, relative clarity, and texture gradient
Relative Height
Perceiving high objects as further away Ex: House is farther from trees and lake because they are positioned more up
Relative Motion
As we move, objects that we see also move
Ex: When you are riding a bus and it goes forward, you see houses move backward
Relative Size
They are all same images, but if one of the images is smaller than the others, people perceive it as being farther away
Ex: There are two soccer balls. One large and one smaller and towards the right. The one that is smaller and on the right is perceived farther
Linear Perspective
Parallel lines seem to meet a distance
Ex: Train tracks that keep going straight but as it goes straight the tracks get smaller which makes them seem farther
Interposition
To come between. If one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer
Ex:
Light and Shadow
Shading produces a sense of depth while the light is shown above
Relative clarity
Objects that appear sharp, clear, and detailed are seen closer than hazy objects
Texture gradient
Distortion in size which closer objects have compared to objects farther away
What are four types of perceptual constancy?
Color constancy, shape constancy, size constancy, brightness constancy
Color constancy
Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color
Ex: The apple is still red regardless of how bright or dark the room is
Shape constancy
Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent shape
Ex: The ball is still the same shape eventhough it is bounced
Size constancy
Perceiving objects as having a constant size
Ex: A bus far from the street would have the same zise
Brightness constancy
Perceive objects as having a constant brightness
Ex: Reading notes in dim light
Sensory Transduction
Taking sensory information and transforming it as a neural impulse
Absolute Threshold
The minimum amount of energy stimulus that will produce a sensation 50% of the time
What is the relationship between absolute threshold and energy?
The less absolute threshold is used, the better you will be able to detect a stimulus
Sensory Adaptation
Diminished sensory adaptation caused to constant stimulation above the threshold
Difference Threshold
The smallest amount of change in a stimulus that will produce a change in sensation
Weber’s Law
People will have the difference threshold when at least 8% of the difference is noticed
Signal Detection Theory
How much stimulation is necessary to meet our absolute threshold
Bottom-Up Processing
You take sensory information that helps you understand things
Top-Down Processing
You use experiences and knowledge that you know to figure stuff sensory details
Selective Attention
The process of focusing on a particular stimulus in an environment for a certain period of time
Types of selective attention
cocktail party effect, pop out, change blindness, inattentional blindness, and choice blindness
Inattentional Blindness
Not noticing something in your field because your attention of focus was somewhere else
Change Blindness
Not noticing a modification that is actually in your field of vision because your attention was elsewhere
Pop Out
Selective unattention( mainly in ads and posters) usually written in smaller words
Choice Blindness
The tendency to not identify the differences we have chosen and in return people make reasons for why they chose this person (known as “introspection illusion”)
What is perceptual bias?
readiness to see features in a stimulus
Ebbinghaus affect
When the surroundings of a shaping effect how the stimulus is received
Ex: There are smaller circles surrounding a bigger circle which makes the circle bigger
Schema
A collection of knowledge based on a concept
Ex: Looking at reviews to see whether a movie is good or not
Parts of the vision
cornea, pupil, lens, retina, fovea(cons), or rods if the dark area is there, transduction happens, then to bipolar cells, ganglion cells, to the optic nerve, optic nerve goes to the thalamus, thalamus goes to visual cortex of occipital lobes, goes t0 feature detector cells where image will be processed
Cornea
protection of the eye and bends for light to enter
Pupil
Opening of the eyes that is controlled by the iris (colored muscle)
Lens
helps accommodate light to retina
Accomodation
Helps the light to be reflected upside for the retina to grab
What do cones project?
Color sensations and fine detail (acuity) which can be used only if the eye captures light in a bright area
What do rods project?
They project peripheral and white and black vision
Are there more cones or rods?
Rods
What are the color theories?
Young Helmholtz Theory and Opponent Process Theory
What does the Young Helmholtz Theory say?
It says that all colors are percieved by the red, green, and blue cones
What is the Opponent Process Theory say?
We process four primary colors combined as : red-green, blue-yellow, white-black Cells will activate the rpimary color but ignore the other color
People with color blindness cannot
recognize inhibitory and excitatory for cones to detect color
Monochromat
Cannot see white/blac
Dichromat
Cannot see red/green or yello/blue
Trichromat
Can see all colors
Why are men more inheritable of getting color blindness?
They have an X and Y chromosome but the Y chromosome cannot counteract with the X
What is the Müller- Lyer illusion?
the lines at the sides seem to lead the eye either inward or outward to create a false impression of length. Two lines seem to have a different distance because of arrows
What is the Zollner Ilussion?
A parallel line surrounding a pattern surrounding parallel lines creates the illusion that they are not parallel.
What are impossible figures?
Figures that don’t exist in the real world but our brain wants us to think that these images are real
What is the process of hearing?
The sound waves go to the pinna, outer ear and enter the ear canal all the way to the ear drum(typanic membrane), then it travels to the middle bones( hammer, anvil, stirrup), then it goes to the oval of the cochlea and vibrates the basilar membrane and the organ of corti, whic causes hair cells to move, transduction happens and they travel to the auditory nerve, to the thalamus, to the opposite temporal lobes and then to the auditory cortex
What is conducting hearing loss?
The ability to conduct sound from the middle ear to the outer ear is lost
What is sensorineural hearing loss?
The ability to lose hearing due to damage of the tiny hair cells
What do cochlear implants help with?
They help with doing neural impulses and communication
