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Depth Perception and Perceptual Constancy > Depth Perception and perceptual constancy > Flashcards

Depth Perception and perceptual constancy Flashcards

1
Q

Figure and Ground

A

Perceiving objects as distinct from their surroundings

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2
Q

Proximity

A

Group nearby figures together

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3
Q

Continuity

A

Perceive smooth and continuous lines

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4
Q

Closure

A

We fill gaps to create the whole object

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5
Q

Similarity

A

Items that share a common feature

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6
Q

Connectedness

A

Items that are physically touching

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7
Q

Monocular cues

A

Depth cues such as interposition and linear perspective

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8
Q

What are the types of Monocular cues?

A

Relative size, Relative motion, interposition, Relative Height, linear perspective, light and shadow, relative clarity, and texture gradient

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9
Q

Relative Height

A

Perceiving high objects as further away Ex: House is farther from trees and lake because they are positioned more up

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10
Q

Relative Motion

A

As we move, objects that we see also move
Ex: When you are riding a bus and it goes forward, you see houses move backward

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11
Q

Relative Size

A

They are all same images, but if one of the images is smaller than the others, people perceive it as being farther away
Ex: There are two soccer balls. One large and one smaller and towards the right. The one that is smaller and on the right is perceived farther

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12
Q

Linear Perspective

A

Parallel lines seem to meet a distance
Ex: Train tracks that keep going straight but as it goes straight the tracks get smaller which makes them seem farther

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13
Q

Interposition

A

To come between. If one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer
Ex:

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14
Q

Light and Shadow

A

Shading produces a sense of depth while the light is shown above

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15
Q

Relative clarity

A

Objects that appear sharp, clear, and detailed are seen closer than hazy objects

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16
Q

Texture gradient

A

Distortion in size which closer objects have compared to objects farther away

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17
Q

What are four types of perceptual constancy?

A

Color constancy, shape constancy, size constancy, brightness constancy

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18
Q

Color constancy

A

Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color
Ex: The apple is still red regardless of how bright or dark the room is

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19
Q

Shape constancy

A

Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent shape
Ex: The ball is still the same shape eventhough it is bounced

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20
Q

Size constancy

A

Perceiving objects as having a constant size
Ex: A bus far from the street would have the same zise

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21
Q

Brightness constancy

A

Perceive objects as having a constant brightness
Ex: Reading notes in dim light

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22
Q

Sensory Transduction

A

Taking sensory information and transforming it as a neural impulse

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23
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

The minimum amount of energy stimulus that will produce a sensation 50% of the time

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24
Q

What is the relationship between absolute threshold and energy?

A

The less absolute threshold is used, the better you will be able to detect a stimulus

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25
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

Diminished sensory adaptation caused to constant stimulation above the threshold

26
Q

Difference Threshold

A

The smallest amount of change in a stimulus that will produce a change in sensation

27
Q

Weber’s Law

A

People will have the difference threshold when at least 8% of the difference is noticed

28
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

How much stimulation is necessary to meet our absolute threshold

29
Q

Bottom-Up Processing

A

You take sensory information that helps you understand things

30
Q

Top-Down Processing

A

You use experiences and knowledge that you know to figure stuff sensory details

31
Q

Selective Attention

A

The process of focusing on a particular stimulus in an environment for a certain period of time

32
Q

Types of selective attention

A

cocktail party effect, pop out, change blindness, inattentional blindness, and choice blindness

33
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A

Not noticing something in your field because your attention of focus was somewhere else

34
Q

Change Blindness

A

Not noticing a modification that is actually in your field of vision because your attention was elsewhere

35
Q

Pop Out

A

Selective unattention( mainly in ads and posters) usually written in smaller words

36
Q

Choice Blindness

A

The tendency to not identify the differences we have chosen and in return people make reasons for why they chose this person (known as “introspection illusion”)

37
Q

What is perceptual bias?

A

readiness to see features in a stimulus

38
Q

Ebbinghaus affect

A

When the surroundings of a shaping effect how the stimulus is received
Ex: There are smaller circles surrounding a bigger circle which makes the circle bigger

39
Q

Schema

A

A collection of knowledge based on a concept
Ex: Looking at reviews to see whether a movie is good or not

40
Q

Parts of the vision

A

cornea, pupil, lens, retina, fovea(cons), or rods if the dark area is there, transduction happens, then to bipolar cells, ganglion cells, to the optic nerve, optic nerve goes to the thalamus, thalamus goes to visual cortex of occipital lobes, goes t0 feature detector cells where image will be processed

41
Q

Cornea

A

protection of the eye and bends for light to enter

42
Q

Pupil

A

Opening of the eyes that is controlled by the iris (colored muscle)

43
Q

Lens

A

helps accommodate light to retina

44
Q

Accomodation

A

Helps the light to be reflected upside for the retina to grab

45
Q

What do cones project?

A

Color sensations and fine detail (acuity) which can be used only if the eye captures light in a bright area

46
Q

What do rods project?

A

They project peripheral and white and black vision

47
Q

Are there more cones or rods?

A

Rods

48
Q

What are the color theories?

A

Young Helmholtz Theory and Opponent Process Theory

49
Q

What does the Young Helmholtz Theory say?

A

It says that all colors are percieved by the red, green, and blue cones

50
Q

What is the Opponent Process Theory say?

A

We process four primary colors combined as : red-green, blue-yellow, white-black Cells will activate the rpimary color but ignore the other color

51
Q

People with color blindness cannot

A

recognize inhibitory and excitatory for cones to detect color

52
Q

Monochromat

A

Cannot see white/blac

53
Q

Dichromat

A

Cannot see red/green or yello/blue

54
Q

Trichromat

A

Can see all colors

55
Q

Why are men more inheritable of getting color blindness?

A

They have an X and Y chromosome but the Y chromosome cannot counteract with the X

56
Q

What is the Müller- Lyer illusion?

A

the lines at the sides seem to lead the eye either inward or outward to create a false impression of length. Two lines seem to have a different distance because of arrows

57
Q

What is the Zollner Ilussion?

A

A parallel line surrounding a pattern surrounding parallel lines creates the illusion that they are not parallel.

58
Q

What are impossible figures?

A

Figures that don’t exist in the real world but our brain wants us to think that these images are real

59
Q

What is the process of hearing?

A

The sound waves go to the pinna, outer ear and enter the ear canal all the way to the ear drum(typanic membrane), then it travels to the middle bones( hammer, anvil, stirrup), then it goes to the oval of the cochlea and vibrates the basilar membrane and the organ of corti, whic causes hair cells to move, transduction happens and they travel to the auditory nerve, to the thalamus, to the opposite temporal lobes and then to the auditory cortex

60
Q

What is conducting hearing loss?

A

The ability to conduct sound from the middle ear to the outer ear is lost

61
Q

What is sensorineural hearing loss?

A

The ability to lose hearing due to damage of the tiny hair cells

62
Q

What do cochlear implants help with?

A

They help with doing neural impulses and communication

Depth Perception and Perceptual Constancy (1 decks)

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