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cognition > depth and perception > Flashcards

depth and perception Flashcards

1
Q

Why is it difficult to design a perceiving machine?

A

Visual information provides ambiguous information about the 3d structure of the world

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2
Q

What is the issue with image complexity?

A

Makes it increasingly tricky for computers to organise the visual scene into distinct objects

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3
Q

What are monocular cues?

A

This is where they work with one eye

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4
Q

What are binocular eyes?

A

Require both eyes

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5
Q

How does relative height and size affect depth perception?

A

If objects that are below the horizon and have bases higher are more distant
If objects are of equal size the more distant one will take up less of your field of view
We need prior knowledge about relative sizes of objects when judging distances

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6
Q

What is occlusion?

A

Closer objects will occlude further away ones

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7
Q

What is linear perspective and texture gradient?

A

Parallel lines extending away from observer converge in the distance

Texture elements get smaller and more dense with distance

Foreshortening where circles become ovals when the surface is tilted away

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8
Q

What is motion parallax?

A

As we move more distant objects will glide past us more slowly than nearer objects

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9
Q

How does shadow and shading relate to depth perception?

A

Cast shadows and brightness of a surface depends on orientation with respect to light source

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10
Q

How does stereotypic vision link to binocular disparity?

A

Our two eyes receive a slightly different image of the world

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10
Q

What is disparity?

A

Creating a difference in image location of an object seen by left and right eyes and the size of the disparity depends on an objects depth

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11
Q

What is the horopter in binocular disparity?

A

This is a set of two points in space that project to corresponding positions in the two retinas i.e zero disparity including the fixation point

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12
Q

What is a closed disparity?

A

This is where objects closer than horopter have crossed eg would have to cross eyes to fixate on it

image lies further to left from right eye perspective and vice versa

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13
Q

What is having an uncrossed disparity?

A

Uncross eyes to fixate

eg have to uncross eyes to fixate on it

image lies further to right from right and vice cersa

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14
Q

What is the one factor that affects how we perceive objects?

A

Structuralism - approach pioneer by wilhelm wundt that was popular in mid to late 19th century

1832 - 1920

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15
Q

What did wilhelm wundt propose?

A

Proposed that perceptions are simply the sum of atoms of sensation

16
Q

Who was in the gestalt school?

A

Reaction against structuralism led by three figures at frankfurt uni
Wertheimer (1880-1943)
Kohler (1887 - 1967)
Koffka (1886 - 1941)

17
Q

What did the gestalt school argue?

A

The whole form or configuration is greater than the sum of its parts

18
Q

What is illusory contours?

A

Some images evoke the perception of edges in locations where there is no change in luminance or colour which is difficult to explain via the structuralist approach

19
Q

What principle did the gestalt school say?

A

Principles are all manifestations of the law of praganz

20
Q

What is proximity?

A

Things that are close together group together

21
Q

What is similarity?

A

Things that are similar group together in case of shape and orientation

22
Q

What can override proximity?

A

Similarity

23
Q

What is common fate ?

A

Things that are move together group together

24
Q

What is a way of segmenting objects in the background?

A

motion

25
Q

What is good continuation?

A

Group elements to form smoothly continuing lines rather than abrupt or sharp angles

26
Q

What does good continuation preserve?

A

grouping of occluded objects

27
Q

What is closure?

A

Group elements to form complete figures even if incomplete

28
Q

What knowledge does grouping by closure form?

A

Top down knowledge

29
Q

What is symettry?

A

Elements are more likely to be formed into groups that are balanced or symettrical

30
Q

What is a pro of gestelt principles?

A

Correct about how perceptual objects are not simply the sum of their parts
Hold across a wide range of images

31
Q

What is a con of gestalt principles?

A
  • Vague and imprecise not clear on what a good shape is
  • No coherent workable account of underlying neural mechanisms
  • Kohler proposed an electrical field theory in which lines of flow are created in the brain which match the structure of perception
  • No empirical evidence

cognition (5 decks)

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