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Britain Edexcel History A Level > depth 3: LNA 1862-86 > Flashcards

depth 3: LNA 1862-86 Flashcards

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1
Q

“proper name” for sexually transmitted diseases

A

venereal diseases

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2
Q

why were brothels around army bases seen as a “necessary evil”

A

The British Army did not allow non-commissioned soldiers to be married and homosexual acts were illegal.
These brothels lead to a large number of VDs

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3
Q

evidence that supporters of the acts used to defend the view that moral improvement could be achieved through legislation

A

Florence Nightingale’s actions in the Crimea, the Factory acts, Municiple Corporations Act, and the 1848 public health act all improved quality of life for those effected

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4
Q

When was a committee first established to investigate the problem of VD’s in the British Armed forces

A

1862
the 1862 parliamentary committee
Debates regarding what to do were kept quiet due to fear of public reaction

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5
Q

liberal solution concluded from 1862 Parliamentary Committee

A
  • improved hospital care for diseased men & women
  • penalties for men who hid evidence of having a VD
  • better barrack sanitation
  • more leisure activities to entertain military men and stop them seeking prostitutes
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6
Q

conservative solution concluded from 1862 parliamentary committee
This was the one chosen

A
  • Recommended by Sir John Liddell
  • greater regulation of prostitutes (like the military model used in Hong Kong and India where prostitutes have to be registered)
  • compulsory medical examination of prostitutes by British army doctors
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7
Q

when was each Contagious Diseases Act

A

1864
1866
1869

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8
Q

Contagious Diseases Act 1864

A
  • covered 11 military stations + 5 mile radius
  • allowed (plain clothes) police officers to arrest any woman suspected of being a prostitute
  • arrested women subject to compulsory medical examinations
  • could be held in lock hospital for 3 months if found infected
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9
Q

Contagious Diseases Act 1866

A
  • made periodical medical examinations compulsory for all prostitutes in the areas
  • women given a certificate of clean health after exam (if clean)
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10
Q

Contagious Diseases Act 1969

A
  • covered 18 military stations + 15 mile radius

- women could be held in lock hospital for 9 months

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11
Q

why did the laws primarily affect working-class women (social issues with laws)

A

majority of prostitutes only work occasionally/seasonally
(made identifying prostitutes difficult)
Women over 20 made up over 60% of garrison towns (usually low 50’s) –> many unsupported women

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12
Q

why was there an increasing number of women turning to prostitution in mining towns?

A

1867 financial collapse of copper and mining industry

Left many women unsupported

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13
Q

woman who killed herself after being accused of being a prostitute

A 
Mrs Percy 
Professional singer (blacklisted from music halls) --> drowned herself 1875
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14
Q

difference between normal criminal cases and those of women who were accused of prostitution and wanted to prove innocence

A

normal: innocent until proven guilty
prostitutes: women had to prove innocence

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15
Q

punishment for refusing the compulsory medical examinations

A

fine or prison sentence

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16
Q

quote from London lock hospital surgeon that shows the victorian attitude towards who was to blame

A

1882

He claimed that all patients were their as a “direct result of their own vicious indulgence”

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17
Q

dangerous treatment for VD’s

A

toxic mercury
Relieved symptoms but not a cure
side effects: mouth ulcers, loss of teeth, kidney failure, or fatal poisoning

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18
Q

evidence that Contagious Diseases Act did not work (reason for opposition)

A

MP James Stansfeld presented evidence to parliament that number of VDs had not decreased
Army Medical Report 1880 showed cases actually increased from 1879.

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19
Q

evidence that the army and navy were being used to impose order on civilians (reason for opposition)

A 
1866 doctors of Harveian Medical Society called for the law to cover northern working-class industrial towns.
1869 act then included civilian docks of Southhampton
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20
Q

evidence laws made the problems worse (reason for opposition)

A

Dr Charles Routh and Professor Henry Lee presented evidence to parliament that the law made matters worse because men felt they were safe as prostitutes were being checked –> more disease

21
Q

evidence that the laws only focused on women (reason for opposition)

A

it lacked powers to investigate or test men that visited prostitutes and were spreading the disease

22
Q

vagueness of laws (reason for opposition)

A

No legal definition of prostitute meant many working class women would be forced to submit to tests by male doctors for no good reason

23
Q

laws were anti democratic (reason for opposition)

A

broke habeas corpus

Women in court had to prove innocence rather than the other way round

24
Q

laws seen as immoral (reason for opposition)

A
  • some saw acts as legalising prostitution: 1870 MP complained that law made prostitution a “legalised institution - a woman is made the chattel for the use of men”
  • some concerned laws would lead to increased brutality and a desire for younger girls (as seen in India)
  • Christians concerned laws set moral double standards, making premarital sex only a sin for women
25
Q

Evidence of support for the Contagious Diseases Act from doctors

A

Opponents of Acts presented petition to Home Secretary with signatures of 50 physicians & surgeons.
Supporters of Acts presented petition with signatures 1000 doctors

26
Q

influential journals supporting the Acts

A

Saturday Review, The Lancet, Pall Mall Gazette, and The Times

27
Q

1870 - 1881 how many petitions did presented against contagious diseases acts

A

over 10,300 petitions

with over 2 million signatures

28
Q

1870 - 1881 how many petitions presented for contagious diseases acts

A

45 petitions

with under 4000 signatures

29
Q

The National Association for Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts

A

formed 1869
Middle class male movement (no women join)
Included businessmen, lawyers, clergymen, some MPs
Main supporters: leading jurists, academic economists, and religious groups
Published journal called the Shield

30
Q

Ladies National Association for the Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts (LNA)

A

formed just after National Association
Led by Josephine Butler (respectable leadership good in taboo subject)
Campaigned until acts repealed in 1886

31
Q

the ‘Women’s Manifesto’

A

31st December 1869
Presented by LNA, published in the ‘Daily News’
128 signatures by influential women (including Florence Nightingale) protesting acts.
Claimed laws passed without knowledge of most population or understanding of most MPS
Copy presented to parliament with 2000 signatures

32
Q

circulation of the ‘Daily News’ in 1869

A

150,000

meant women’s manifesto widely read

33
Q

when were contagious diseases acts repealed

A

1886

34
Q

negative attention of LNA

A

Saturday review calls them a “shrieking sisterhood”

35
Q

Elizabeth Wolsenholme

A

Founding member of LNA
fond of petitions (connected to 90,000 signatures)
Gave attention to other issues (women’s education and suffrage)
Scandal: became pregnant by a man she lived with but was not married to, even after marriage refused to take his last name

36
Q

liberal MPs against Contagious Diseases Acts (and their main reasons for being against them)

A 
William Fowler (unconstitutional)
James Stansfeld (legalised prostitution & ineffective)
John Stuart Mill (against women's rights)
37
Q

Josephine Butler

A 
Wife of a headmaster in Liverpool
Forceful & persuasive speaker
Respectable leadership 
Called prostitutes her "sisters"
Criticised for not actually visiting affected areas herself
38
Q

first parliamentary commission to inquire laws

A

1870 Royal Commission
met for 45 days & interviewed 80 witnesses
Concluded acts had caused a “marked diminution” in VD’s and number of prostitutes (opponents challenged this)
Recommended removal of periodical examinations
Questioned if acts could be continues morally

39
Q

effects of 1870 Royal Commission

A

Parliament ignored suggestions
3 members of Commission joined opposition
Overall strengthened the opposition

40
Q

second parliamentary commission to inquire laws

A

1879 Select Committee from House of Commons

Met for 68 days over 3 years & interviewed 71 witnesses

41
Q

effects of the 1879 commission to inquire laws

A

1882 report stated that the acts had successfully protected the army from VDs

42
Q

Example of MPs apposing acts (reason for repeal)

A

1883 James Stansfeld speech
Claimed laws were immoral and undemocratic
Provided statistics to show no positive impact
Proposed to abolish compulsory periodical medical examinations (passed by 182 votes to 110)

43
Q

change in who’s in power (reason for repeal)

A

for most of 1870’s Conservatives in power.
1880 & 1886 elections led to Liberal Government (William Gladstone)
1886 Liberal government indicate intention to abolish acts completely –> passed by majority 114 votes

44
Q

example of repeal of acts having wide support (reason for repeal)

A

1872: group of working men meet Home Secretary asking to repeal act
1873: 2000 Anglican priests sign petition to repeal acts

45
Q

scale of opposition to acts (reason for repeal)

A

by 1880’s over 10,000 petitions had been presented to parliament opposing the acts.
Unlike Chartists, many of these advocates were respectable and educated

46
Q

example of arguments presented being logical and practical (reason for repeal)

A

1880 medical report showed no decrease in VDs
Many doctors presented evidence that it was difficult to prove if a woman was infected/cured, meaning women could be given false bills of clean health

47
Q

wider context of small changes to women’s rights (reason for repeal)

A

1870 and 1882 Married Women’s Property Acts had allowed women to keep some control over property whilst married
1871 women allowed to vote in local municipal elections
1880 women now studying at Oxford and Cambridge

48
Q

examples of respectable advocates for repeal of Contagious Diseases Acts

A

Elizabeth Blackwell
Florence Nightingale
Cardinal Newman
Dr Edward Pusey

49
Q

Media gradually begin giving favourable coverage to opposition (reason for repeal)

A

1870: the Times publish summary of a speech by Josephine Butler alongside a list of supporters
1874: the Times publish the first full speech of an MP who opposed the Acts
By 1880s there was more coverage of speeches and debates

Britain Edexcel History A Level (7 decks)

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