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Abnormal Psychology Test 3 > Depressive and Bipolar Disorders > Flashcards

Depressive and Bipolar Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Bipolar Disorders brain scans are closer to those with…

A

Schizophrenia than depressive disorders

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2
Q

Polythetic Diagnostic Format

A

Refers to the fact that in order to be diagnosed with a personality disorder, a person must meet a certain number of symptom criteria from a defined criteria set

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3
Q

Depressive and Bipolar Disorders obviously share in common…

A

Serious deviations in mood that are associated with feelings of little control and significant distress or impairment

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4
Q

Mood

A

A wide spectrum of emotions (continuum ranging from extremely sad to extremely elated)

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5
Q

Psychosis

A

Detached from reality (comorbid w depressive and bipolar disorders)

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6
Q

Depressive disorders =

A

Unipolar (versus bipolar disorders)

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7
Q

Depressive and Bipolar Disorders can range from…

A

Mild to quite serious. In serious cases, can involve psychosis and suicidal behavior.

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8
Q

DSM-5 Depressive Disorders:

A

Major Depressive Disorder; Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia); Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (read more about this in text)

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9
Q

Major Depressive Disorder Subtype

A

Possibly “with seasonal pattern” (Most likely winter)

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10
Q

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

A

Controversial because it is a normal biological occurrence; Believed to possibly be a diagnosis to ensure women can get treatment

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11
Q

DSM-5 Bipolar Disorders

A

Bipolar I Disorder; Bipolar II Disorder; Cyclothymic Disorder

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12
Q

Defining features of Depressive Episodes (one of these is required):

A

Extremely depressed mood and/or Anhedonia (Must last at least 2 weeks, Possible to have both)

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13
Q

Anhedonia

A

Loss of pleasure/interest in usual activities

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14
Q

Additional features of Depressive Episodes

A

Other emotional symptoms (negative about self, others, or in general), Cognitive symptoms, Behavioral symptoms, Physiological symptoms (appetite/sleep changes to too much or too little)

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15
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

At least 5 of 9 depression symptoms have occurred over the same 2-week period, causes impairment, and the individual has never had a manic or hypomanic episode

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16
Q

Single Episode of Depression

A

More unusual

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17
Q

Recurrent Episodes of Depression

A

More common; After one episode, there is a 50% chance of another (70% chance after 2, and 90% chance after 3)

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18
Q

What is the Mean age of Major Depressive Disorder onset ?

A

During late 20’s, but there is a great deal of variability; Possible at any age

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19
Q

What percent of the US population will experience a Major Depressive Episode at some point?

A

19% (1 in5)

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20
Q

Gender Differences in Major Depressive Disorder

A

Females far outnumber males with regard to depression (Females are more likely to get diagnosed); Males tend to act out and Females tend to cry

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21
Q

Dysthymia Defining Features

A

Symptoms are generally milder but more chronic than major depression; Persists for at least 2 years, with symptoms present most of the day, for more days than not; For some, symptoms can persist unchanged over long periods (≥ 20 years, becomes part of personality) (response to treatment is typically poor in these cases)

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22
Q

What are the main differences between Major Depressive Disorder and Dysthymia?

A

Chronicity (> in dysthymia) and Severity (> in MDD); Possible to be comorbid

23
Q

Biological Dimension (Depression)

A

Short allele 5-HTTLPR gene; Reduced serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine; HPA reactivity and excess cortisol; Shrinkage of hippocampus; Circadian rhythm disturbances; Female hormones after puberty (Many reasons are from individuals biology)

24
Q

Psychological Dimension (Depression)

A

Inadequate/insufficient reinforcers; Negative thoughts and specific errors in thinking; Learned helplessness/attributional style; Self-contempt, self-blame, guilt; Rumination/Co-Rumination (Overthinking)

25
Social Dimension (Depression)
Lack of social support/resources; Early life neglect, maltreatment, parental loss etc
26
Sociocultural Dimension (Depression)
Female gender roles; Cultural views of depression; Gay/lesbian/bisexual orientation; Exposure to discrimination
27
Treatment of Depression
Generally promising, but important to start as early as possible!; Lots of possible medications, other medical approaches, and many psychotherapy options; Not uncommon to use a combination of options
28
Medications for Treatment of Depression
Tricyclics, MAOI’s, and SNRI’s all affect serotonin as well as norepinephrine; SSRI’s affect serotonin only; “Atypical” anti-depressants target dopamine and others
29
Medical Treatment of Depression
Exercise, diet, and sleep changes may help; Light therapy for seasonal (winter) depression; ECT and other “brain stimulations” as a last resort
30
Psychological Treatment of Depression
Behavioral Activation Therapy; Interpersonal Psychotherapy; Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy; Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
31
Behavioral Activation Therapy for Depression
Increasing Daily Activity
32
Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Depression
Social skills or loss of important people
33
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depression
Focus on conscious present awareness
34
Manic Episodes Defining Feature
Abnormally elevated mood that lasts at least one week or results in hospitalization (Physically drains an individual)
35
Supplemental Features of Manic Episodes also involve...
Emotions, cognition, behavior, and physiology; Grandiosity, over-enthusiasm, elation (and also rage); Overly talkative or “flight of ideas”; Impulsivity and over-involvement in pleasurable activities that come with negative consequences; Excessive energy and decreased need for sleep
36
Hypomanic Episodes
As with a manic episode, the predominant symptom is elevated mood; But you wouldn’t see the elevated mood to such an “extreme” in hypomania
37
Differences between Mania and Hypomania
Hypomania is less severe and less impairing (not as elevated as full blown mania); A hypomanic episode need only last 4 days (as opposed to a week)
38
Bipolar I Disorder
At least one manic episode has occurred; Depressive episodes are likely to have occurred as well (but not required for diagnosis); Some experience “rapid cycling” of mood episodes (at least 4 episodes – of either type – in one year); Depression does not have to have occurred
39
Bipolar II Disorder
Alternation between full depressive and hypomanic episodes; The depression tends to be more severe and pronounced in Bipolar II (but that’s not required and not true of all patients)
40
Bipolar I vs. Bipolar II
Both are likely to involve full depressive episodes (Required for Bipolar II, and very likely (but not required) for Bipolar I)
41
Bipolar I =
Manic Episodes
42
Bipolar II =
Hypomanic Episodes
43
Cyclothymic Disorder
The “bipolar version” of dysthymia (Somewhat like a combination of dysthymia and hypomania); Individual cycles between periods of depression and mood elevation that are not severe enough to be major depressive episodes or manic episodes; Must last for at least 2 years; Some will progress to Bipolar I or II
44
Etiology of Bipolar Disorders
Many of the same factors that cause depression are involved in bipolar disorders; A key difference is that biology seems to play a bigger role in bipolar disorders
45
Biology's Role in the Etiology of Bipolar Disorders
Only biology really helps to differentiate btw bipolar and depressive disorders; Genetic role is very well-documented; Neurotransmitter imbalances are also suspected; Neurological systems are “hypersensitive” to both reward and punishment; Similarity to schizophrenia vulnerability (big difference from depression)
46
What neurotransmitter imbalance is seen in bipolar disorder but not depression?
Glutamate
47
What neurological systems are “hypersensitive” to both reward and punishment?
BIS (Reward), BAS (Punishment); Interconnected pathway; Overactivity of both causes mood disorders but just these alone would not cause bipolar disorder to develop
48
BIS (Bipolar Disorders)
Behavioral Inhibition System; Reward; Serotonin
49
BAS (Bipolar Disorders)
Behavioral Activation System; Punishment; Dopamine
50
Treatment of Bipolar Disorders
Medications often recommended, including lithium and other mood stabilizers; Family may be involved with communication or problem-solving training; Social rhythm therapy, interpersonal therapy, and CBT can all be used as well
51
Medications often recommended for treating Bipolar Disorders
Lithium comes with its cautions though! (TOXIC); Blood work usually taken every 2-3 weeks; Compliance usually needs to be addressed; Should not be given to anyone suicidal because its easy to OD
52
Social Rhythm Therapy for treating Bipolar Disorders
Specific to bipolar disorder because it establishes stability (Sleep/wake, Diet on a schedule)
53
Interpersonal Therapy for treating Bipolar Disorders
Used to determine the underling cause
54
CBT for treating Bipolar Disorders
Cognitive Behavioral Treatment

Abnormal Psychology Test 3 (6 decks)

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