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Abnormal Psychology Test 3 > Depressive and Bipolar Disorders > Flashcards

Depressive and Bipolar Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Bipolar Disorders brain scans are closer to those with…

A

Schizophrenia than depressive disorders

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2
Q

Polythetic Diagnostic Format

A

Refers to the fact that in order to be diagnosed with a personality disorder, a person must meet a certain number of symptom criteria from a defined criteria set

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3
Q

Depressive and Bipolar Disorders obviously share in common…

A

Serious deviations in mood that are associated with feelings of little control and significant distress or impairment

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4
Q

Mood

A

A wide spectrum of emotions (continuum ranging from extremely sad to extremely elated)

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5
Q

Psychosis

A

Detached from reality (comorbid w depressive and bipolar disorders)

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6
Q

Depressive disorders =

A

Unipolar (versus bipolar disorders)

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7
Q

Depressive and Bipolar Disorders can range from…

A

Mild to quite serious. In serious cases, can involve psychosis and suicidal behavior.

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8
Q

DSM-5 Depressive Disorders:

A

Major Depressive Disorder; Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia); Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (read more about this in text)

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9
Q

Major Depressive Disorder Subtype

A

Possibly “with seasonal pattern” (Most likely winter)

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10
Q

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

A

Controversial because it is a normal biological occurrence; Believed to possibly be a diagnosis to ensure women can get treatment

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11
Q

DSM-5 Bipolar Disorders

A

Bipolar I Disorder; Bipolar II Disorder; Cyclothymic Disorder

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12
Q

Defining features of Depressive Episodes (one of these is required):

A

Extremely depressed mood and/or Anhedonia (Must last at least 2 weeks, Possible to have both)

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13
Q

Anhedonia

A

Loss of pleasure/interest in usual activities

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14
Q

Additional features of Depressive Episodes

A

Other emotional symptoms (negative about self, others, or in general), Cognitive symptoms, Behavioral symptoms, Physiological symptoms (appetite/sleep changes to too much or too little)

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15
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

At least 5 of 9 depression symptoms have occurred over the same 2-week period, causes impairment, and the individual has never had a manic or hypomanic episode

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16
Q

Single Episode of Depression

A

More unusual

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17
Q

Recurrent Episodes of Depression

A

More common; After one episode, there is a 50% chance of another (70% chance after 2, and 90% chance after 3)

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18
Q

What is the Mean age of Major Depressive Disorder onset ?

A

During late 20’s, but there is a great deal of variability; Possible at any age

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19
Q

What percent of the US population will experience a Major Depressive Episode at some point?

A

19% (1 in5)

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20
Q

Gender Differences in Major Depressive Disorder

A

Females far outnumber males with regard to depression (Females are more likely to get diagnosed); Males tend to act out and Females tend to cry

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21
Q

Dysthymia Defining Features

A

Symptoms are generally milder but more chronic than major depression; Persists for at least 2 years, with symptoms present most of the day, for more days than not; For some, symptoms can persist unchanged over long periods (≥ 20 years, becomes part of personality) (response to treatment is typically poor in these cases)

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22
Q

What are the main differences between Major Depressive Disorder and Dysthymia?

A

Chronicity (> in dysthymia) and Severity (> in MDD); Possible to be comorbid

23
Q

Biological Dimension (Depression)

A

Short allele 5-HTTLPR gene; Reduced serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine; HPA reactivity and excess cortisol; Shrinkage of hippocampus; Circadian rhythm disturbances; Female hormones after puberty (Many reasons are from individuals biology)

24
Q

Psychological Dimension (Depression)

A

Inadequate/insufficient reinforcers; Negative thoughts and specific errors in thinking; Learned helplessness/attributional style; Self-contempt, self-blame, guilt; Rumination/Co-Rumination (Overthinking)

25
Q

Social Dimension (Depression)

A

Lack of social support/resources; Early life neglect, maltreatment, parental loss etc

26
Q

Sociocultural Dimension (Depression)

A

Female gender roles; Cultural views of depression; Gay/lesbian/bisexual orientation; Exposure to discrimination

27
Q

Treatment of Depression

A

Generally promising, but important to start as early as possible!; Lots of possible medications, other medical approaches, and many psychotherapy options; Not uncommon to use a combination of options

28
Q

Medications for Treatment of Depression

A

Tricyclics, MAOI’s, and SNRI’s all affect serotonin as well as norepinephrine; SSRI’s affect serotonin only; “Atypical” anti-depressants target dopamine and others

29
Q

Medical Treatment of Depression

A

Exercise, diet, and sleep changes may help; Light therapy for seasonal (winter) depression; ECT and other “brain stimulations” as a last resort

30
Q

Psychological Treatment of Depression

A

Behavioral Activation Therapy; Interpersonal Psychotherapy; Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy; Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy

31
Q

Behavioral Activation Therapy for Depression

A

Increasing Daily Activity

32
Q

Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Depression

A

Social skills or loss of important people

33
Q

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depression

A

Focus on conscious present awareness

34
Q

Manic Episodes Defining Feature

A

Abnormally elevated mood that lasts at least one week or results in hospitalization (Physically drains an individual)

35
Q

Supplemental Features of Manic Episodes also involve…

A

Emotions, cognition, behavior, and physiology; Grandiosity, over-enthusiasm, elation (and also rage); Overly talkative or “flight of ideas”; Impulsivity and over-involvement in pleasurable activities that come with negative consequences; Excessive energy and decreased need for sleep

36
Q

Hypomanic Episodes

A

As with a manic episode, the predominant symptom is elevated mood; But you wouldn’t see the elevated mood to such an “extreme” in hypomania

37
Q

Differences between Mania and Hypomania

A

Hypomania is less severe and less impairing (not as elevated as full blown mania); A hypomanic episode need only last 4 days (as opposed to a week)

38
Q

Bipolar I Disorder

A

At least one manic episode has occurred; Depressive episodes are likely to have occurred as well (but not required for diagnosis); Some experience “rapid cycling” of mood episodes (at least 4 episodes – of either type – in one year); Depression does not have to have occurred

39
Q

Bipolar II Disorder

A

Alternation between full depressive and hypomanic episodes; The depression tends to be more severe and pronounced in Bipolar II (but that’s not required and not true of all patients)

40
Q

Bipolar I vs. Bipolar II

A

Both are likely to involve full depressive episodes (Required for Bipolar II, and very likely (but not required) for Bipolar I)

41
Q

Bipolar I =

A

Manic Episodes

42
Q

Bipolar II =

A

Hypomanic Episodes

43
Q

Cyclothymic Disorder

A

The “bipolar version” of dysthymia (Somewhat like a combination of dysthymia and hypomania); Individual cycles between periods of depression and mood elevation that are not severe enough to be major depressive episodes or manic episodes; Must last for at least 2 years; Some will progress to Bipolar I or II

44
Q

Etiology of Bipolar Disorders

A

Many of the same factors that cause depression are involved in bipolar disorders; A key difference is that biology seems to play a bigger role in bipolar disorders

45
Q

Biology’s Role in the Etiology of Bipolar Disorders

A

Only biology really helps to differentiate btw bipolar and depressive disorders; Genetic role is very well-documented; Neurotransmitter imbalances are also suspected; Neurological systems are “hypersensitive” to both reward and punishment; Similarity to schizophrenia vulnerability (big difference from depression)

46
Q

What neurotransmitter imbalance is seen in bipolar disorder but not depression?

47
Q

What neurological systems are “hypersensitive” to both reward and punishment?

A

BIS (Reward), BAS (Punishment); Interconnected pathway; Overactivity of both causes mood disorders but just these alone would not cause bipolar disorder to develop

48
Q

BIS (Bipolar Disorders)

A

Behavioral Inhibition System; Reward; Serotonin

49
Q

BAS (Bipolar Disorders)

A

Behavioral Activation System; Punishment; Dopamine

50
Q

Treatment of Bipolar Disorders

A

Medications often recommended, including lithium and other mood stabilizers; Family may be involved with communication or problem-solving training; Social rhythm therapy, interpersonal therapy, and CBT can all be used as well

51
Q

Medications often recommended for treating Bipolar Disorders

A

Lithium comes with its cautions though! (TOXIC); Blood work usually taken every 2-3 weeks; Compliance usually needs to be addressed; Should not be given to anyone suicidal because its easy to OD

52
Q

Social Rhythm Therapy for treating Bipolar Disorders

A

Specific to bipolar disorder because it establishes stability (Sleep/wake, Diet on a schedule)

53
Q

Interpersonal Therapy for treating Bipolar Disorders

A

Used to determine the underling cause

54
Q

CBT for treating Bipolar Disorders

A

Cognitive Behavioral Treatment

Abnormal Psychology Test 3 (6 decks)

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