Depression References

Question 1

Genetic evidence

Answer 1

Twin concordance rates
MZ 46%
DZ 20%
McMuffin et al. 1996

Question 2

Adoption studies

Answer 2

Show 8 times more likely to have depression if biological parent has it
Wender et al 1986
If adoptive parent has it child more likely to develop it than if not.
Mixture of genetic and environment

Question 3

Cognitive

Negative schema

Answer 3

Negative triad cognition
Negative attribution
Beck 1967

Question 4

CBT

Answer 4

CBT treatment for depression beck 1976

Question 5

Medication efficacy

Answer 5

Ssri only slightly better than placebo unless depression is severe, maybe having hope helps placebo work whereas severe depression hopeless so no hope of placebo working
Kirsch et al 2008

Question 6

Is medication effective in meta analysis

Answer 6

Yes up to 60 percent in meta analysis both trycickics and ssri
Reid et al., 2005

Question 7

Is CBT effective

Answer 7

Yes up to 60 percent found significantly improved in meta analysis by Blackburn and Moorehead 2010
More effective to combine CBT with drug therapy to prevent relapse after drug withdrawal

Question 8

CBT and medication?

Answer 8

Once medication stopped high chance of relapse, maybe better to try medication and ssri to address cognitive causes of depression
( Blackburn and moorehead)

Question 9

Medication and CBT depression

Answer 9

Doubles recovery (wiles et al 2013)

Question 10

CBT compared to drug therapy

Answer 10

CBT as affective as drug therapy (beck et al 1987) more effective than meds at follow up (Blackburn and Moorhead 2010)