Depression

Question 1

Depression:

Answer 1

Depression (major depressive disorder or clinical depression) is a common but serious mood disorder. It causes severe symptoms that affect how you feel, think, and handle daily activities, such as sleeping, eating, or working. To be diagnosed with depression, the symptoms must be present for at least two weeks.

Question 2

Depression statistics

Answer 2

Major depressive disorder affects approximately 14.8 million American adults, or about 6.7 percent of the U.S. population age 18 and older, in a given year. The average age of onset is 32. 1 and 8 adolescents have clinical depression. People who have depression are 4 times as likely to have a heart attack.

Question 3

Depression symptoms:

Answer 3

1. Persistent sad, anxious, or “empty” mood 2. Feelings of hopelessness, or pessimism 3. Irritability 4. Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, or helplessness 5. Loss of interest or pleasure in hobbies and activities 6. Decreased energy or fatigue 7. Moving or talking more slowly 8. Feeling restless or having trouble sitting still 9. Difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions 10. Difficulty sleeping, early-morning awakening, or oversleeping 11. Appetite and/or weight changes 12. Thoughts of death or suicide, or suicide attempts 13. Aches or pains, headaches, cramps, or digestive problems without a clear physical cause and/or that do not ease even with treatment

Question 4

Depression causes:

Answer 4

Combination of: genetics (about 40%) environment biology psychology Nutritional deficiencies

Question 5

Depression other causes

Answer 5

Damage to the cerebellum

Question 6

Genetic Causes

Answer 6

variation among the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene affects the chances that people who have dealt with very stressful life events will go on to experience depression. To be specific, depression may follow such events, but seems more likely to appear in people with one or two short alleles of the 5-HTT gene

Question 7

monoamine hypothesis

Answer 7

states that a deficiency of certain monoamine neurotransmitters is responsible for depression. E.G. serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine

Question 8

Diathesis-stress model depression

Answer 8

specifies that depression results when a preexisting vulnerability, or diathesis, is activated by stressful life events. The preexisting vulnerability can be either genetic, implying an interaction between nature and nurture, or schematic, resulting from views of the world learned in childhood.

Question 9

Depression risk factors:

Answer 9

Personal or family history of depression

Major life changes, trauma, or stress

Certain physical illnesses and medications

Loss of loved one

Early childhood experience (trauma or abuse)

Loneliness and isolation

Lack of social support

relationship problems

Financial strain

Alchohol or drug abuse

Unemployment of underemployment.

Question 10

Types of depressive disorders:

Answer 10

1.Major depressive disorder 2.Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) 3.Psychotic depression 4.Postpartum depression 5.Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) 6.Bipolar disorder 7.Atypical depression

Question 11

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Answer 11

is characterized by the onset of depression during the winter months, when there is less natural sunlight. This depression generally lifts during spring and summer. Winter depression, typically accompanied by social withdrawal, increased sleep, and weight gain, predictably returns every year in seasonal affective disorder.

Question 12

Psychotic depression

Answer 12

occurs when a person has severe depression plus some form of psychosis, such as having disturbing false fixed beliefs (delusions) or hearing or seeing upsetting things that others cannot hear or see (hallucinations). The psychotic symptoms typically have a depressive “theme,” such as delusions of guilt, poverty, or illness.

Question 13

Melancholic depression

Answer 13

is characterized by: a loss of pleasure in most or all activities a failure of reactivity to pleasurable stimuli a quality of depressed mood more pronounced than that of grief or loss. worsening of symptoms in the morning hours early-morning waking psychomotor retardation excessive weight loss (not to be confused with anorexia nervosa) excessive guilt

Question 14

Persistent depressive disorder (also called dysthymia)

Answer 14

is a depressed mood that lasts for at least two years. A person diagnosed with persistent depressive disorder may have episodes of major depression along with periods of less severe symptoms, but symptoms must last for two years to be considered persistent depressive disorder.

Question 15

Depression treatments:

Answer 15

Medication Psychotherapies (CBT,IPT,PST) Medication + Psychotherapy (most effective) Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Transcranial magnetic stimulation (tms)

Question 16

cognitive behavioral therapy

Answer 16

a type of psychotherapy in which negative patterns of thought about the self and the world are challenged in order to alter unwanted behavior patterns or treat mood disorders such as depression

Question 17

Beck’s cognitive triad

Answer 17

is an irrational and pessimistic view of the three key elements of a person’s belief system present in depression.

The triad involves negative thoughts about:

1. The self (i.e., I am worthless)
2. The world/environment (i.e., the world is unfair)
3. The future (i.e., the future is hopeless).

Question 18

SSRIs (Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)

Answer 18

Are the most commonly prescribed class of antidepressants. An imbalance of serotonin may play a role in depression. These drugs fight depression symptoms by decreasing serotonin reuptake in the brain. This effect leaves more serotonin available to work in your brain.

Question 19

Side effects of SSRIs

Answer 19

nausea trouble sleeping nervousness tremors sexual problems

Question 20

Natural cure for depression:

Answer 20

Eat healthy Get enough sleep Set goals Excercise! Get in a routine! Challenge negative thoughts Fish oil supplements Do something new Meditation Hypnosis Light therapy Mood diary (postive thinking) Acupuncture Support Groups Saffron Yoga SAMe St. John’s Wart Socialize (don’t isolate yourself!)

Question 21

Drugs that can cause depression:

Answer 21

Alchohol Sedatives Opiods stimulants inhalents hallucinogens

Question 22

Medications that can cause depression:

Answer 22

Medication for Hepatitis C Benzodiazepines High blood pressure medicine Hormonal treatments

Question 23

Reason your depressed - Leo Gura

Answer 23

Your too identified with yourself. Your too self-absorbed and egotistical. You have a strong sense of who you are.

Question 24

Bipolar disorder

Answer 24

someone with bipolar disorder experiences episodes of extremely low moods that meet the criteria for major depression (called “bipolar depression”). But a person with bipolar disorder also experiences extreme high – euphoric or irritable – moods called “mania” or a less severe form called “hypomania.”

Question 25

Commonly prescribed medicine for depression:

Answer 25

sertraline (Zoloft)

fluoxetine (Prozac, Sarafem)

citalopram (Celexa)

escitalopram (Lexapro)

paroxetine (Paxil, Pexeva, Brisdelle)

fluvoxamine (Luvox)

trazodone (Oleptro)

Question 26

Depression can co-occur with these diseases:

Answer 26

Parkinson’s disease

Heart disease

Diabetes

Cancer

Eating disorder

HIV

Substance use

Question 27

Depression can co-occur with these psychiatric problems:

Answer 27

Anxiety (generalized anxiety disorder)

Post-traumatic stress disorder

Pain

ADHD

Question 28

Depression in children:

Answer 28

Boys and Girls are equally likely to develop depression. A child may pretend to be sick, refuse to go to school, cling to a parent, or worry that a parent may die. Most mood disorders later in life, begin as high levels of anxiety in children. They may be described as clingy, demanding, dependent, or insecure.

Question 29

Depression in men:

Answer 29

Men are more likely to experience symptoms of tiredness, irritability, difficulty sleeping, and a loss of pleasure in once-pleasurable activities. They may turn to alchohol and drugs. They may become fustrated, discouraged, angry and sometimes abusive.

Question 30

Depression in older people:

Answer 30

Older people may feel tired, have trouble sleeping, or seem grumpy and irritable. Confusion or attention problems caused by depression can sometimes look like some brain disorders. They mights have medical conditions that cause depressibe symptoms, like heart disease, stroke or cancer. Or take medications with side effects that can cause depressive symptoms.

Question 31

Depression in teens:

Answer 31

teens may sulk, get in to trouble at school, be negative and irritable, feel misunderstood. Teens with depression may also have other disorders such as anxiety, eating disorders, or substance abuse.

Question 32

Depression in women:

Answer 32

Women tend to have more symptoms of sadness, worthlessness and guilt. Depression is more common in women than in men

Question 33

Depression NLP

Answer 33

to become depressed we have to take a problem and we have to make it personal, pervasive and permanent.

Question 34

Medications that help depression:

Answer 34

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI’s)

Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI’s)

Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs)

Atypical antidepressants

Tricyclic antidepressants

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs).