Depression

Question 1

Describe the role of negative schemas in becks negative triad

Answer 1

People become depressed because the world is seen negatively through negative schemes which dominate thinking

Question 2

What is meant by selective abstraction

Answer 2

A bias in thinking towards focusing on the negative aspects of life and ignoring the wider picture or context

Question 3

What is meant by over generalisation

Answer 3

Drawing hasty conclusions based on very little evidence

Question 4

What is meant by all or nothing thinking

Answer 4

Tendency to think of things in black and white

Question 5

Describe the three stages in the negative triad

Answer 5

Negative views about

1) The world
2) The future
3) oneself

Question 6

Ellis’ ABC model

Answer 6

Believe that a rational thinking could lead to psychological disturbance mainly due to the fact that individuals fall into a cycle of irrational thinking which prevents the individual from behaving in an adaptive way

Question 7

Describe the parts of the ABC model

Answer 7

A) activating event
B) beliefs about the activating event
C) consequences of beliefs

Question 8

Positives of the cognitive approach to explaining depression

Answer 8

1) therapeutic success- CBT is based on idea that negative thinking causes depression and aims to change- CBT is effective/ widely used lends support

Question 9

Drawbacks of the cognitive approach explaining depression

Answer 9

1) lack of cause and effect
2) depressive realism- may have a more realistic view than those who are over optimistic
3) doesn’t acknowledge situational factors

Question 10

Why use CBT?

Answer 10

• rationale is that thoughts interact with and influence emotions and behaviour
• if thoughts are persistently negative and irrational, they can lead to maladaptive behaviour

Question 11

What is CBT?

Answer 11

• encourage people to examine beliefs and expectations and to replace irrational, negative thinking with a more positive, adaptive pattern of thinking
• therapists and clients work to create new goals for the clients to bring about a more realistic and rational belief incorporated in their thinking

Question 12

What does CBT involve? Cognitive element

Answer 12

client is encouraged to become aware of beliefs that contribute to their depression
Questioning to uncover thinking patterns of the client and analysis of their thoughts to show the effect of faulty cognition

Question 13

What does CBT involve? Behavioural element

Answer 13

Once client is able to identify faulty cognitions- taught strategies to deal with them
Help client identify and alter thinking patterns from irrational to rational
Therapist sets client ‘homework’ to put themselves in a situation which would normally result in maladaptive thinking patterns
Use strategies to identify maladaptive thoughts & help rationalise

Question 14

A cognitive approach to explaining depression- Beck

Answer 14

Beck’s negative triad- a model of cognitive biases that are characteristic features of depression

Question 15

2 types of CBT

Answer 15

Ellis- encourage patients to challenge or dispute any self- defeating believes and replace with rational:
Logical, empirical, pragmatic disputing

Beck- cognitive therapy to monitor situations where they make negative assumptions

Question 16

Positives of CBT as a treatment for depression

Answer 16

• A long term solution in comparison to drug therapy
• research suggests it is effective such as Sandra Embling (2009) after 12 sessions- validity
• cost and time effective in the long term

Question 17

Limitations of CBT

Answer 17

• cannot be appropriate for everyone, doesn’t consider situational factors which may cause an inset of appropriate negative thoughts
• hard to consider own thoughts