Depression Flashcards
Name 2 symptoms of depression
Low mood
Lack of interest in pleasure
What is an issue with diagnosis of depression?
Extraneous causal factors
Name some features of depression
1 in 6 get diagnosed aged 16 to 29
Females more likely to be diagnosed
Costs £35 billion
What does the monoamine hypothesis suggest about depression?
A group of amino acids cause symptoms.
Serotonin
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Outline the biological reason for monoamine hypothesis
5HT gene causes deficiencies in serotonin leading to deficiencies in dopamine
How is serotonin balanced?
Blocking reuptake channels in synapse
What evidence can be given for monoamine hypothesis?
SSRI treatments help serotonin but other neurotransmitters are involved in depression
Outline the development of the monoamine hypothesis
- Serotonin,dopamine, neuropinephrine regulate mood
- Serotonin deficiency causes low mood
- Neurones increase sensitivity producing more receptors
- BDNF levels are far too low which effects Neurones chemical development
What did Sen find out in relation to monoamine hypothesis?
Negative correlation between blood BDNF levels and depressed symptoms
Postmortem found low BDNF in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus
What are the problems with Sens findings?
Correlation not causation
Difficult to establish change in BDNF levels before and after death
How long do antidepressants take to have an effect on body?
4 to 6 weeks
How long does a BDNF deficiency to be corrected
Days
How has the monoamine hypothesis developed?
Observation of antidepressants
Describe the negative triad
Negative schemas create negative views of oneself, world and future. This develops negative bias and dysfunctional views
What was the negative triad developed into?
The ABC system
What is utopianism?
Belief life should be fair
What was the sample of Evans depression study?
12003 pregnant women at 18 weeks
What were the findings of Evans depression experiment?
Women with the most negative views were most likely to develop depression even after 3 years.
Negative belief was present before depression
What was the problem with the findings from Evans depression study?
Self reported data
Correlation not causation
Postpartum depression or hormones may have been an influencing factor
Outline how monoamine antidepressants work
Prevent enzyme breakdown of serotonin in Synapse
Outline how SSRIs work
Increase receptor activity
Outline how the most recent generation antidepressants work
Block reuptake channels of serotonin promoting activity at 5HT receptors
What did cipriani find out about antidepressants?
All antidepressants were more effective than placebo group
Outline the negative cognitive triad for depression
Identify negative beliefs.
Taught rational techniques to challenge beliefs
Outline what Elkin found about CBT effectiveness
CBT was more effective at reducing symptoms than antidepressants with improvements 18 months after.
However 36% relapsed
Who is the contemporary study for depression?
Kroenke
What was the aim, sample, method of Kroenke experiment?
Aim: investigate if PHQ8 score is effective at diagnosing depression
Sample: 198,000
Method: each participant took the PHQ8 questionnaire in 38 states
What was the results of Kroekes study?
No significant difference in diagnosis
9.1% compared to 8.6%
Those with depression had low mood 14 out of 30 days and bad health 10 out of 30 days
Give the evaluation points of Kroenkes study
G+ Large sample
- ethnocentric
R+ standardised procedure
A+ crested simple diagnosis system
V- lacks internal as no questions about suicide a symptom of disorder
E+ Protection from harm
What is the clinical key question?
What are the issues surrounding mental health in the workplace?
How many people have mental jeath disorders in the workplace?
875,000
How many people have left jobs due to mental health?
300,000
How much does mental health cost employers in the UK?
£2.5 billion
Name some typical stereotypes of mental health disorders
Violent
Delusional
Lazy
Unmotivated
What did Rosenhan suggest about stereotypes?
Last forever in remission
How does stereotypes effect the workplace?
May be treated differently
Lead to prejudice
Who conducted cross sectional research in clinical psychology?
Kroenke PHQ8
Who conducted cultural research in clinical psychology?
Lurhmann
Who conducted longitudinal research in clinical psychology?
Meltzer
Who conducted meta analysis in clinical psychology?
Carlson
Outline Laverenne case study
Aim- to investigate if therapy helps psychosis
Asked questions on emotions and behaviours. Group sessions who struggled with identity.
Dan had out of body experiences with spirits due to problems with his girlfriend.
Earl spoke about a pipeline around the world after refusing a gift
Name the 3 types of interviews
Structured
Semi structured
Unstructured
Give the evaluation points for interviews
G- time consuming
R+ standardised procedure
A+ useful
V- social desirability
E- unethical
Give the evaluation points for case studies
G- unique
R- no recorded data
A+ useful
V+ triangulation
E- unethical
Outline valentine’s study
Aim- see if psycoeducation is useful
42 males, 30 questions, 4 20 sessions over 3 years
Showed significant improvements in self esteem
Name some HCPC standards
Manage risk
Work within limits
Maintain confidentially
Report concern
Responsibility
What was the aim of the clinical practical investigation?
To investigate how media report on mental health
What was the procedure in the clinical practical investigation?
Coding system for reviewing media sources
What were the results of the clinical practical investigation?
Source 1 portrayed mental health in a negative way but source 2 in a positive way with support and disorder coming up thee most
