Depression

Question 1

Name 2 symptoms of depression

Answer 1

Low mood
Lack of interest in pleasure

Question 2

What is an issue with diagnosis of depression?

Answer 2

Extraneous causal factors

Question 3

Name some features of depression

Answer 3

1 in 6 get diagnosed aged 16 to 29

Females more likely to be diagnosed

Costs £35 billion

Question 4

What does the monoamine hypothesis suggest about depression?

Answer 4

A group of amino acids cause symptoms.
Serotonin
Dopamine
Norepinephrine

Question 5

Outline the biological reason for monoamine hypothesis

Answer 5

5HT gene causes deficiencies in serotonin leading to deficiencies in dopamine

Question 6

How is serotonin balanced?

Answer 6

Blocking reuptake channels in synapse

Question 7

What evidence can be given for monoamine hypothesis?

Answer 7

SSRI treatments help serotonin but other neurotransmitters are involved in depression

Question 8

Outline the development of the monoamine hypothesis

Answer 8

1. Serotonin,dopamine, neuropinephrine regulate mood
2. Serotonin deficiency causes low mood
3. Neurones increase sensitivity producing more receptors
4. BDNF levels are far too low which effects Neurones chemical development

Question 9

What did Sen find out in relation to monoamine hypothesis?

Answer 9

Negative correlation between blood BDNF levels and depressed symptoms

Postmortem found low BDNF in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus

Question 10

What are the problems with Sens findings?

Answer 10

Correlation not causation

Difficult to establish change in BDNF levels before and after death

Question 11

How long do antidepressants take to have an effect on body?

Answer 11

4 to 6 weeks

Question 12

How long does a BDNF deficiency to be corrected

Answer 12

Days

Question 13

How has the monoamine hypothesis developed?

Answer 13

Observation of antidepressants

Question 14

Describe the negative triad

Answer 14

Negative schemas create negative views of oneself, world and future. This develops negative bias and dysfunctional views

Question 15

What was the negative triad developed into?

Answer 15

The ABC system

Question 16

What is utopianism?

Answer 16

Belief life should be fair

Question 17

What was the sample of Evans depression study?

Answer 17

12003 pregnant women at 18 weeks

Question 18

What were the findings of Evans depression experiment?

Answer 18

Women with the most negative views were most likely to develop depression even after 3 years.

Negative belief was present before depression

Question 19

What was the problem with the findings from Evans depression study?

Answer 19

Self reported data
Correlation not causation
Postpartum depression or hormones may have been an influencing factor

Question 20

Outline how monoamine antidepressants work

Answer 20

Prevent enzyme breakdown of serotonin in Synapse

Question 21

Outline how SSRIs work

Answer 21

Increase receptor activity

Question 22

Outline how the most recent generation antidepressants work

Answer 22

Block reuptake channels of serotonin promoting activity at 5HT receptors

Question 23

What did cipriani find out about antidepressants?

Answer 23

All antidepressants were more effective than placebo group

Question 24

Outline the negative cognitive triad for depression

Answer 24

Identify negative beliefs.
Taught rational techniques to challenge beliefs

Question 25

Outline what Elkin found about CBT effectiveness

Answer 25

CBT was more effective at reducing symptoms than antidepressants with improvements 18 months after. However 36% relapsed

Question 26

Who is the contemporary study for depression?

Answer 26

Kroenke

Question 27

What was the aim, sample, method of Kroenke experiment?

Answer 27

Aim: investigate if PHQ8 score is effective at diagnosing depression Sample: 198,000 Method: each participant took the PHQ8 questionnaire in 38 states

Question 28

What was the results of Kroekes study?

Answer 28

No significant difference in diagnosis 9.1% compared to 8.6% Those with depression had low mood 14 out of 30 days and bad health 10 out of 30 days

Question 29

Give the evaluation points of Kroenkes study

Answer 29

G+ Large sample - ethnocentric R+ standardised procedure A+ crested simple diagnosis system V- lacks internal as no questions about suicide a symptom of disorder E+ Protection from harm

Question 30

What is the clinical key question?

Answer 30

What are the issues surrounding mental health in the workplace?

Question 31

How many people have mental jeath disorders in the workplace?

Answer 31

875,000

Question 32

How many people have left jobs due to mental health?

Answer 32

300,000

Question 33

How much does mental health cost employers in the UK?

Answer 33

£2.5 billion

Question 34

Name some typical stereotypes of mental health disorders

Answer 34

Violent Delusional Lazy Unmotivated

Question 35

What did Rosenhan suggest about stereotypes?

Answer 35

Last forever in remission

Question 36

How does stereotypes effect the workplace?

Answer 36

May be treated differently Lead to prejudice

Question 37

Who conducted cross sectional research in clinical psychology?

Answer 37

Kroenke PHQ8

Question 38

Who conducted cultural research in clinical psychology?

Answer 38

Lurhmann

Question 39

Who conducted longitudinal research in clinical psychology?

Answer 39

Meltzer

Question 40

Who conducted meta analysis in clinical psychology?

Answer 40

Carlson

Question 41

Outline Laverenne case study

Answer 41

Aim- to investigate if therapy helps psychosis Asked questions on emotions and behaviours. Group sessions who struggled with identity. Dan had out of body experiences with spirits due to problems with his girlfriend. Earl spoke about a pipeline around the world after refusing a gift

Question 42

Name the 3 types of interviews

Answer 42

Structured Semi structured Unstructured

Question 43

Give the evaluation points for interviews

Answer 43

G- time consuming R+ standardised procedure A+ useful V- social desirability E- unethical

Question 44

Give the evaluation points for case studies

Answer 44

G- unique R- no recorded data A+ useful V+ triangulation E- unethical

Question 45

Outline valentine's study

Answer 45

Aim- see if psycoeducation is useful 42 males, 30 questions, 4 20 sessions over 3 years Showed significant improvements in self esteem

Question 46

Name some HCPC standards

Answer 46

Manage risk Work within limits Maintain confidentially Report concern Responsibility

Question 47

What was the aim of the clinical practical investigation?

Answer 47

To investigate how media report on mental health

Question 48

What was the procedure in the clinical practical investigation?

Answer 48

Coding system for reviewing media sources

Question 49

What were the results of the clinical practical investigation?

Answer 49

Source 1 portrayed mental health in a negative way but source 2 in a positive way with support and disorder coming up thee most