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Psychology Clinical > Depression > Flashcards

Depression Flashcards

1
Q

Name 2 symptoms of depression

A

Low mood
Lack of interest in pleasure

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2
Q

What is an issue with diagnosis of depression?

A

Extraneous causal factors

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3
Q

Name some features of depression

A

1 in 6 get diagnosed aged 16 to 29

Females more likely to be diagnosed

Costs £35 billion

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4
Q

What does the monoamine hypothesis suggest about depression?

A

A group of amino acids cause symptoms.
Serotonin
Dopamine
Norepinephrine

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5
Q

Outline the biological reason for monoamine hypothesis

A

5HT gene causes deficiencies in serotonin leading to deficiencies in dopamine

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6
Q

How is serotonin balanced?

A

Blocking reuptake channels in synapse

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7
Q

What evidence can be given for monoamine hypothesis?

A

SSRI treatments help serotonin but other neurotransmitters are involved in depression

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8
Q

Outline the development of the monoamine hypothesis

A
  1. Serotonin,dopamine, neuropinephrine regulate mood
  2. Serotonin deficiency causes low mood
  3. Neurones increase sensitivity producing more receptors
  4. BDNF levels are far too low which effects Neurones chemical development
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9
Q

What did Sen find out in relation to monoamine hypothesis?

A

Negative correlation between blood BDNF levels and depressed symptoms

Postmortem found low BDNF in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus

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10
Q

What are the problems with Sens findings?

A

Correlation not causation

Difficult to establish change in BDNF levels before and after death

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11
Q

How long do antidepressants take to have an effect on body?

A

4 to 6 weeks

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12
Q

How long does a BDNF deficiency to be corrected

A

Days

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13
Q

How has the monoamine hypothesis developed?

A

Observation of antidepressants

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14
Q

Describe the negative triad

A

Negative schemas create negative views of oneself, world and future. This develops negative bias and dysfunctional views

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15
Q

What was the negative triad developed into?

A

The ABC system

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16
Q

What is utopianism?

A

Belief life should be fair

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17
Q

What was the sample of Evans depression study?

A

12003 pregnant women at 18 weeks

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18
Q

What were the findings of Evans depression experiment?

A

Women with the most negative views were most likely to develop depression even after 3 years.

Negative belief was present before depression

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19
Q

What was the problem with the findings from Evans depression study?

A

Self reported data
Correlation not causation
Postpartum depression or hormones may have been an influencing factor

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20
Q

Outline how monoamine antidepressants work

A

Prevent enzyme breakdown of serotonin in Synapse

21
Q

Outline how SSRIs work

A

Increase receptor activity

22
Q

Outline how the most recent generation antidepressants work

A

Block reuptake channels of serotonin promoting activity at 5HT receptors

23
Q

What did cipriani find out about antidepressants?

A

All antidepressants were more effective than placebo group

24
Q

Outline the negative cognitive triad for depression

A

Identify negative beliefs.
Taught rational techniques to challenge beliefs

25
Q

Outline what Elkin found about CBT effectiveness

A

CBT was more effective at reducing symptoms than antidepressants with improvements 18 months after.

However 36% relapsed

26
Q

Who is the contemporary study for depression?

A

Kroenke

27
Q

What was the aim, sample, method of Kroenke experiment?

A

Aim: investigate if PHQ8 score is effective at diagnosing depression

Sample: 198,000

Method: each participant took the PHQ8 questionnaire in 38 states

28
Q

What was the results of Kroekes study?

A

No significant difference in diagnosis
9.1% compared to 8.6%

Those with depression had low mood 14 out of 30 days and bad health 10 out of 30 days

29
Q

Give the evaluation points of Kroenkes study

A

G+ Large sample
- ethnocentric
R+ standardised procedure
A+ crested simple diagnosis system
V- lacks internal as no questions about suicide a symptom of disorder
E+ Protection from harm

30
Q

What is the clinical key question?

A

What are the issues surrounding mental health in the workplace?

31
Q

How many people have mental jeath disorders in the workplace?

A

875,000

32
Q

How many people have left jobs due to mental health?

A

300,000

33
Q

How much does mental health cost employers in the UK?

A

£2.5 billion

34
Q

Name some typical stereotypes of mental health disorders

A

Violent
Delusional
Lazy
Unmotivated

35
Q

What did Rosenhan suggest about stereotypes?

A

Last forever in remission

36
Q

How does stereotypes effect the workplace?

A

May be treated differently
Lead to prejudice

37
Q

Who conducted cross sectional research in clinical psychology?

A

Kroenke PHQ8

38
Q

Who conducted cultural research in clinical psychology?

A

Lurhmann

39
Q

Who conducted longitudinal research in clinical psychology?

A

Meltzer

40
Q

Who conducted meta analysis in clinical psychology?

A

Carlson

41
Q

Outline Laverenne case study

A

Aim- to investigate if therapy helps psychosis

Asked questions on emotions and behaviours. Group sessions who struggled with identity.

Dan had out of body experiences with spirits due to problems with his girlfriend.

Earl spoke about a pipeline around the world after refusing a gift

42
Q

Name the 3 types of interviews

A

Structured
Semi structured
Unstructured

43
Q

Give the evaluation points for interviews

A

G- time consuming
R+ standardised procedure
A+ useful
V- social desirability
E- unethical

44
Q

Give the evaluation points for case studies

A

G- unique
R- no recorded data
A+ useful
V+ triangulation
E- unethical

45
Q

Outline valentine’s study

A

Aim- see if psycoeducation is useful

42 males, 30 questions, 4 20 sessions over 3 years

Showed significant improvements in self esteem

46
Q

Name some HCPC standards

A

Manage risk
Work within limits
Maintain confidentially
Report concern
Responsibility

47
Q

What was the aim of the clinical practical investigation?

A

To investigate how media report on mental health

48
Q

What was the procedure in the clinical practical investigation?

A

Coding system for reviewing media sources

49
Q

What were the results of the clinical practical investigation?

A

Source 1 portrayed mental health in a negative way but source 2 in a positive way with support and disorder coming up thee most

Psychology Clinical (2 decks)

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