Depression

Question 1

what is depression

Answer 1

depression is mental health disorder typically associated with low mood and energy.
DSM-5 outlines the following categories:
- major depressive disorder
- persistent depressive disorder
- disruptive mood disregulation disorder
- premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Question 2

what are the behavioural characteristics of depression

Answer 2

Activity : reduced levels of energy, withdrawing from work, education, social life or the opposite - psychomotor agitation (cant relax)

Disruption : insomnia or hypersomnia and appetite may increase or decrease

Aggression : irritable may become verbally of physically aggressive, may lead to self harm

Question 3

what are the emotional characteristic’s of depression

Answer 3

Lowered Mood : often desrbiles feeling worthless or empty

Anger : negative emotions + few positive meaning angry at self or others which may lead to aggression

Low self esteem/self loathing

Question 4

what are the cognitive characteristics of depression

Answer 4

Poor Concentration

Dwelling on the negative

Absolutist thinking

Question 5

what are the explanations for depression

Answer 5

Becks negative triad

Ellis ABC model

Question 6

what is becks negative triad

Answer 6

a cognitive approach to explain why some are more vulnerable to depression, suggested there are 3 parts to the cognitive vulnerability :

faulty info processing

negative self schema

negative triad

Question 7

what is faulty info processing

Answer 7

Its where some people only focus on the negative and ignore the positives of a given situation.

Individual’s also tend to overact to small problems and think in ‘black and white’

Question 8

what is a negative self schema

Answer 8

A self-schema is information people have of themselves, we use them to interpret the world.

if we have a negative self-schema people will always interpret information about themselves as negative

Question 9

what is the negative triad

Answer 9

triad suggests we develop dysfunctional views of self through 3 types of negative thinking which occur automatically

ADD IMAGE

Question 10

eval of negative triad

Answer 10

One Strength of Beck’s negative Triad is it’s real world application. This can be seen as co-at ours. Research provide proved that assessing cognitive vulnerability can be used to screen young people and may also be applied to cognitive behavioural therapy. This is a strength as beck negative Triad may be used to educate people on their vulnerability to depression and may also be used to treat/manage their depression through CBT and improve the quality of life. This means Becks negative triad is useful for explaining and treating depression.

Question 11

eval of negative triad

Answer 11

P: Ones of becks negative triage is the research support.
E: This can be seen in Clark and becks research in 1999, which found that the cognitive vulnerabilities were more common in people with depression and they process preceded the depression.
E: This is a strength because it provides evidence that there is a cognitive factor to depression

Question 12

What is the ABC model

Answer 12

suggested good mental health is the result of rational thinking ( thinking in a way which allows us to be happy and free form pain)

therefore condition’s like depression occur form irrational thinking that interfere with us being happy.

it contains three parts
A- activating event
B- beliefs
C- consequences

Question 13

what is an activating event

Answer 13

focus on situations or events that trigger the irrational thoughts through external events.

Question 14

what is beliefs

Answer 14

there are many irrational beliefs :

Musturbation - belief we must always succeed

Utopianism - belief that life is always meant to be fair

i-cant-stand-it-itis : belief major disaster if doesn’t go smoothly

Question 15

what are the consequences

Answer 15

when irrational beliefs are triggered there are emotional and behavioral consequences

Question 16

eval of ABC model

Answer 16

One strength of the ABC model is its real world application, as Ellis is approach to cognitive therapy is known as rational emotive behaviour therapy. This is a strength as it shows the Alice’s model may be used to educate people on their depression and is also used to treat/manage peoples depression, which is seen to improve quality of life. Therefore the model is useful in explaining and treating depression

Question 17

eval of abc model

Answer 17

Weakness of the ABC model is that it only explains reactive depression, not endogenous depression. This can be seen as Ellis believes depression/irrational beliefs can be traced back to a triggering life event. However, this is not the case in some forms of depression. This is a weakness as Ellis is model cannot account for/explain all cases of depression, especially endogenous depression. This means the ABC model is not generalisable and lacks internal validity.

Question 18

what are the treatments for depression

Answer 18

Cognitive behavioural therapy

Becks cognitive therapy

Ellis ABCDE model

Question 19

what is cognitive behavioural therapy

Answer 19

CBT is the most commonly used treatment for depression and includes cognitive and behavioural elements.

Cognitive element: begins with the assessment of client and which therapist and client work together to outline problems. They then identify goals and make a plan to achieve them.

Behavioural elements: CBT involves working to change negative and irrational thoughts and put more effective behaviours in place

Question 20

what is becks cognitive therapy

Answer 20

Cognitive therapy is an application of becks cognitive theory. The aim is to identify automatic thoughts, (negative Triad) and challenge them. CBT also tries to test the reality of the negative thoughts, so clients are usually set homework to investigate the reality of negative beliefs, e.g. by recording positive things.

Question 21

what is ellis rational emotive behavioural therapy

Answer 21

REBT extends the ABC model to ABCDE. the aim of the therapy is to identify and challenge irrational thoughts
A- activating event
B- beliefs
C- consequences
D- dispute
E- effect