Depression

Question 1

Who created the negative cognitive style model

Answer 1

Haffel et al (2008)

Question 2

What are the key claims of Haffel et al (2008) negative cognitive style model?

Answer 2

Negative life event + cognitive vulnerability- negative influences about the cause (self worth) - hopelessness- depression

Question 3

Support for negative cognitive style model

Answer 3

Alloy et al (2000)

Question 4

What did Alloy et al (2000) do?

Answer 4

5000 uni student screened for neg cog style
Created high and low risk groups based on scores

Question 5

How many participants in high and low risk neg cog style (Alloy et al., 2000)

Answer 5

176 = low
173 = high

Question 6

What did Alloy et al (2000) find?

Answer 6

Participants with neg cog style were 3x more likely to experience MDD than low group
5x more likely to experience hopelessness depression than low group

Question 7

Supporting evidence of Alloy et al (2000)

Answer 7

Costantini et al (2021) longitudinal study

Question 8

What did Costantini et al (2021) do?

Answer 8

Longitudinal study 4,301 ppt
Measure neg cog at 17 and re measure :( symptoms at 23

Question 9

What did Costantini et al (2021) find?

Answer 9

25% met :( threshold (1 in 4)
Age 23 risk of :( was elevated in ppt with higher neg cog style at 17

Question 10

Limitation of Costantini et al (2021)

Answer 10

Better test than Alloy et al (2000) but not experimental so can’t establish causality

Question 11

Evidence for SSRIs in depression

Answer 11

Hieronymous et al (2016)
Fried et al (2015)

Question 12

Who found SSRIs have different effects on different symptoms?

Answer 12

Hieronymous et al (2016) - grouping all symptoms under the umbrella term is wrong

Question 13

What did Fried et al (2015) do?

Answer 13

Network analysis of 28 symptoms in 3,463 ppt

Question 14

What did Fried et al (2015) argue?

Answer 14

Depression is not a single syndrome and therefore need to focus on the symptoms not “MDD”

Question 15

What did Fried et al (2015) find?

Answer 15

SSRIs were effective in targeting low mood but not agitation

Question 16

Psychological intervention evidence (CBT)

Answer 16

Gloaguen et al (1998)
Cuijpers et al (2014)
Cuijpers et al (2008)

Question 17

What does CBT aim to do for depression?

Answer 17

Identify negative thoughts and beliefs
Challenge them as being dysfunctional and irrational
Replace with more rational and adaptive beliefs

Question 18

What did Gloaguen et al (1998) do?

Answer 18

Meta analysis of 20 studies
Found that CBT was better than placebo/ waiting list
Large effect

Question 19

What did Cuijpers et al (2014) do?

Answer 19

Update Gloaguen et al (1998) meta analysis with only 11 studies actually meeting high RCT quality
Only 8 of high quality RCTS tested CBT vs 83 low quality

Question 20

What did Cuijpers et al (2014) find?

Answer 20

Low quality RCTS had effect size of 0.74
High quality effect size of 0.22
Still significant effect but much smaller in high quality

Question 21

Who tested CBT against other psychological interventions

Answer 21

Cuijpers et al (2008)

Question 22

What did Cuijpers et al (2008) do?

Answer 22

Meta analysis review of 53 studies comparing CBT + psychodynamic therapy with control

Question 23

What did Cuijpers et al (2008) find?

Answer 23

CBT was more effective than psychodynamic therapy but not significantly so
Cohen D = 0.15