Depression Flashcards
depression
mental disorder characterised by low mood and low energy levels
4 categories of depression (DSM-5)
major depressive disorder
persistent depressive disorder
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
premenstrual dysphoric disorder
major depressive disorder
severe but often ST changes to mood
persistent depressive disorder (formerly ‘dysthemia’)
LT or recurring changes to mood, including sustained major depression –> learn to live with it
behavioural characteristics of depression
decreased energy levels so lethargic –> sometimes psychomotor agitation or isolation
disruption to sleep and eating
aggression and self harm
emotional characteristics of depression
lowered mood and feelings of worthlessness, helplessness and emptiness
low self-esteem or self-loathing
anger towards self or others
cognitive characteristics of depression
poor concentration and decision-making
negative thoughts/schema, guilt and bias to -ve expectations or memories
absolutist/irrational thinking and underplaying successes
Ellis’ ABC model
Activating event –> something happens to you
Belief you have about this event (+ve or -ve)
Consequence –> you have an emotional response to this belief
You fail an exam and become depressed–> what is the ABC of this
A = failing the exam
B = believe you are stupid or a failure
C = stop trying to study because feel it is hopeless
what did Ellis believe caused depression?
irrational thinking that interferes with us being happy or free of pain
what did Beck believe depression stems from?
unrealistic, negative or irrational thoughts about oneself, the world or the future which cause a cognitive vulnerability towards depression
cognitive vulnerability towards depression ‘features’
may only -ve aspects of a situation, exaggerate difficulties/failures and underplay successes, resulting in a depressive mood
how does depression develop from irrational thoughts of the cognitive triad
negative schemas may develop during childhood leading to cognitive biases
leads to generalisation of -ve things
focus on -ve aspects
depressive mood develops
explanation of depression evaluation
practical screening of pregnant adoptees is obvious
CBT + aim
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
therapy that aims to challenge negative or irrational thoughts of patient, causing their depression and replace them with rational beliefs
Ellis’ REBT + aim
Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy
dispute irrational beliefs and replace them with effective/rational beliefs to allow patient to move from catastrophising to rational interpretation
3 types of disputing in REBT
logical –> realise beliefs aren’t logical
empirical –> realise beliefs aren’t realistic
pragmatic –> realise beliefs aren’t useful
Beck’s cognitive therapy
identify and challenge reality of patient’s automatic thoughts about themselves, the word and the future
patient keeps record of positive events that happen to them, used as evidence to challenge irrational beliefs
treating depression evaluation
effective cause of appropriate emphasis on time
