Depression

Question 1

depression

Answer 1

mental disorder characterised by low mood and low energy levels

Question 2

4 categories of depression (DSM-5)

Answer 2

major depressive disorder
persistent depressive disorder
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Question 3

major depressive disorder

Answer 3

severe but often ST changes to mood

Question 4

persistent depressive disorder (formerly ‘dysthemia’)

Answer 4

LT or recurring changes to mood, including sustained major depression –> learn to live with it

Question 5

behavioural characteristics of depression

Answer 5

decreased energy levels so lethargic –> sometimes psychomotor agitation or isolation
disruption to sleep and eating
aggression and self harm

Question 6

emotional characteristics of depression

Answer 6

lowered mood and feelings of worthlessness, helplessness and emptiness
low self-esteem or self-loathing
anger towards self or others

Question 7

cognitive characteristics of depression

Answer 7

poor concentration and decision-making
negative thoughts/schema, guilt and bias to -ve expectations or memories
absolutist/irrational thinking and underplaying successes

Question 8

Ellis’ ABC model

Answer 8

Activating event –> something happens to you
Belief you have about this event (+ve or -ve)
Consequence –> you have an emotional response to this belief

Question 9

You fail an exam and become depressed–> what is the ABC of this

Answer 9

A = failing the exam
B = believe you are stupid or a failure
C = stop trying to study because feel it is hopeless

Question 10

what did Ellis believe caused depression?

Answer 10

irrational thinking that interferes with us being happy or free of pain

Question 11

what did Beck believe depression stems from?

Answer 11

unrealistic, negative or irrational thoughts about oneself, the world or the future which cause a cognitive vulnerability towards depression

Question 12

cognitive vulnerability towards depression ‘features’

Answer 12

may only -ve aspects of a situation, exaggerate difficulties/failures and underplay successes, resulting in a depressive mood

Question 13

how does depression develop from irrational thoughts of the cognitive triad

Answer 13

negative schemas may develop during childhood leading to cognitive biases
leads to generalisation of -ve things
focus on -ve aspects
depressive mood develops

Question 14

explanation of depression evaluation

Answer 14

practical screening of pregnant adoptees is obvious

Question 15

CBT + aim

Answer 15

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
therapy that aims to challenge negative or irrational thoughts of patient, causing their depression and replace them with rational beliefs

Question 16

Ellis’ REBT + aim

Answer 16

Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy
dispute irrational beliefs and replace them with effective/rational beliefs to allow patient to move from catastrophising to rational interpretation

Question 17

3 types of disputing in REBT

Answer 17

logical –> realise beliefs aren’t logical
empirical –> realise beliefs aren’t realistic
pragmatic –> realise beliefs aren’t useful

Question 18

Beck’s cognitive therapy

Answer 18

identify and challenge reality of patient’s automatic thoughts about themselves, the word and the future
patient keeps record of positive events that happen to them, used as evidence to challenge irrational beliefs

Question 19

treating depression evaluation

Answer 19

effective cause of appropriate emphasis on time