Depression Flashcards

1
Q

depression

A

mental disorder that impairs social/occupational functioning
14.4%

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2
Q

Limbic Brain

A

cortical barrier between brainstem and cortex
receives ascending information from spinal cord
amygdala
hippocampus
basal ganglia
cingulate gyrus
connections to frontal cortex + hypothalamus

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3
Q

fMRI

A

shows blood oxygen levels in brain
increase in blood-oxygen = increase in neuronal activity
MDD showed increase in limbic system activation and decrease in striatum activation

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4
Q

amine hypothesis

A

monoaminergic neurotransmitters: dopamine norepinephrine, serotonin
modulatory role - mood, arousal, attention
depression is the inadequate monoamine neurotransmission - less NT release, fewer receptors, impaired signal transduction

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5
Q

dopamine and NE

A

synthesis: tyrosine
catalysis: MAO

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6
Q

serotonin

A

synthesis: tryptophan
catalysis: MAO

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7
Q

reserpine

A

antihypertensive drug
depletes dopamine and NE neurons by blocking movement of dopamine into vesicle
causes depression-like syndrome

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8
Q

ipronazid

A

anti-tubercular drug
inhibits monoamine oxidase = increases synaptic concentration of monoamine NTs
alleviates depression

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9
Q

problem with amine hypothesis

A

drugs don’t work in everyone and only work ok
takes weeks to see clinical effects despite immediate effect in the synapse

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10
Q

glutamatergic hypothesis

A

depression is caused by reduced glutamatergic signalling in the cortex
decreased glutamate signalling impacts excitatory and inhibitory function
affects long-term potentiation, neurotrophic production, synapse formation, and gene transcription

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11
Q

monoamine targeting antidepressants

A

MAO inhibitors - block NT breakdown = higher levels in synapse
SSRIs and SNRIs - inhibit serotonin and NE transporters = higher levels in synapse
side effects = nausea, dizziness, weight loss

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12
Q

glutamate targeting antagonists

A

ketamine: non-competitve NMDA receptor antagonist
causes transient burst of glutamate from blocking of NMDA on GABA (can’t bind = build up) → reset of glutamate and GABA systems
narrow therapeutic window + intravenous administration

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13
Q

psychedelics

A

emerging therapy
study - blinding is impossible (placebo) + serious side effects
antidepressant effect by synaptic remodelling via intracelullar 5-HT2a receptors
lipophilic drug crosses membrane to stimulate population of receptors inside cortical neurons = neuronal growth

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