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Psychopathology > Depression > Flashcards

Depression Flashcards

1
Q

What does despression affect

A

Emotions

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2
Q

What % of the population suffer from depression

A

20%

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3
Q

How many symptoms must you how and for how long to be diagnosed with depression

A

At least 5 symptoms that must be apparent for at least 2 weeks

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4
Q

Behaviourla cahrateristics of depression

A

Weight changes and loss of energy

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5
Q

Cognitive chracteristics of deprssions

A

Reduced concentration and suicidal thoughts

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6
Q

Emotional charatcterists of depression

A

Constant depressive mood ad lack of Enthusiam

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7
Q

What approach is used to explain and treat depression

A

Cognitive

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8
Q

What causes depression

A

Caused by faulty cognitions such as irrational beliefs as behaviour is caused by cognitions.

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9
Q

What are the modle cognitive models used to explain depression

A
  • becks negative triad

- ellis’ ABC model

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10
Q

What did becks model suggest

A

Depression was due to negative thinking patterns and ppl tend to deveopl depression beacsue they have a tendency to think in negative ways about themesleve, the future and the world

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11
Q

What are negative views base of

A
  • negative schemas

- cognitive bias

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12
Q

What is a schema

A
  • knowledge structure
  • based on our own experiences and they lead us to have exceptions and belief’s about ourself and others and things happening around the world
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13
Q

How do negative schemas develop

A
  • traumatic experience in our childhood lead to the development of negative schemas
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14
Q

Exsample of negative schemas

A
  • self balme schemas = makes depressives feel responsible for their actions
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15
Q

What are cognitive bias

A

Negative schemas lead to cognitive biases
- in the way we perceive our behaviour an that of others causing misinterpretations of reality
- These cognitive biases serve to confirm and strength our negative schemas.

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16
Q

Exsamples of cognitive bias

A

Arbitrary interference = drawing conclusions about oneself without sufficient information

17
Q

How is the depression maintained in the negative triad

A

The depressives negatives schemas, cognitive biases and behaviour maintains the traid and therefor depression

18
Q

What is ellis’ ABC model

A

Cause of depression is irrational thought patterns and the tendancys to interpret events in a irrational way

19
Q

Describe ellis ABC model

A
  • an inivudas interpretation cause depression
  • interpretation of event can lead irrational or rational belief
  • someone with a stern of irrational interpretations will contumely show undesirable emotions and behaviour =depression
20
Q

What do rational beliefs lead to

A

Desirable emotions and behaviours

21
Q

What do irrational beliefs lead to

A

Lead to desirable emotions and behaviours

22
Q

Supporting evidence for becks negative traid

A

Boury et al

  • monitored students negative thoughts with the becks depression inventory
  • finding that depressives misinterpret fact in a negative fashion and feel hopeless about the future
  • supporting becks cognitive explanation
23
Q

A b c stand for in Ellis abc model

A

A = ctiivating event
B = belief of why event happen = irrational or rational
C = consequence = emotional response and resulting behaviour

24
Q

Weakness of explanation of depression

A

Beck = correlation link between negative thinking and depression
- therefor cannot know if negative thinking cause the symptoms of depression

  • criticised for separating negative thinking into 3 separate dimension
  • research has found no clear separation instead a single 1 dimensional negative perception of self
25
Q

Strengths of explantion of depression

A
  • other explanations have been taken into account eg genes/development and early experiences to explain why some people have developed negative thinking = depression
  • therapies based on cognitive explanations and have been proven effective strength in assumption disorder may be due to a faulty cognition
26
Q

What therapy is used to treat depression

A

Cognitive - behavioural therapy (CBT)

27
Q

What does CBT aim to do

A

Change negative and irrational beliefs underlining depression and replacing them with more positive ones

28
Q

Most common type of CBT

A

Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REPT)

29
Q

3 phases of REPT

A
  1. education phase
  2. behavioural activation and pleasant event scheduling
  3. Hypothesis testing
30
Q

Education phase

A
  • uses Ellis ABC model
  • clients learn the relationship between thoughts, emotions and behaviour
  • irrational belifs identified
  • they are then challenged by suggesting more rational and healthy beliefs = reframing
31
Q

Behavioural activation and pleasant event scheduling

A
  • encourged to increase physical activity and socilaise

- improves energy levels

32
Q

Hypothesis testing

A
  • goals set fo clients to achieve between session
  • involve challenging irrational thoughts
  • therapist only set achievable goals as failure would reinforce the clients negative schemas
33
Q

Strengths of treating depression

A
  • effective at stopping mild depression from developing into serve depression
  • advantages of drug threats
  • fewer side effects
  • longer term benefits as techniques used in further in order to stop symptoms returning
34
Q

Weaknesses of treating depression

A
  • has to use well trained therapists = NHS doesn’t always have sufficient trained professional to provide face to face sessions for patients
  • ethical concerns over the power that therapists have over patients to influence their thinking and patient my become to dependant on therpist
35
Q

Supporting research for drug therapies

A

Hollen et al
- effectiveness of CBT compared to drug therapies
- 40% moderate to serve treated 16 weeks relapsed CBT
- 45% rated drug therapies relapsed
- 80% treated placebo relapsed
- CBT slightly more effective than biological treatments eg drugs and far better than no treatment

Psychopathology (4 decks)

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