Dentistry- Exam 4 Flashcards
What numbers go to what quadrants of the cat + dog mouth?
100,200,300,400. 100 is upper right, 200 is upper left, 300 is lower left, and 400 is lower right.
What is the dental formula for cats and dogs?
Dogs: 2x (I3/3, C1/1, P4/4, M2/3)=42
Cats: 2x (I3/3, C1/1, P3/2, M1/1)=30
What is the deciduous dental formula for cats and dogs?
Dogs: 2x (I3/3, C1/1, P3/3)=28
Cats: 2x (I3/3, C1/1, P3/2)=26
What teeth are cats missing in the upper and lower quadrants?
Upper: 5’s and 10’s
Lower: 5’s and 6’s, 10’s and 11’s
Rostral
Towards the nose
Labial
Towards the lip
Buccal
Towards the cheek
Mesial
Rostral/forward surface
Distal
Caudal/back surface
Palatal
Towards the palate
Lingual
Towards the tongue
Occlusal
Dorsal/chewing surface
Apical
Towards the root
Coronal
Towards the crown
What are the important periodontal structures?
-Alveolar Bone
-Periodontal ligament
-Cementum
-Gingival connective tissue
Where does the eruption of the incisors first take place?
Medial incisor
What is the dentition type of deciduous teeth in dogs?
Incisors: 4-6 weeks
Canines: 3-5 weeks
Premolars: 5-6 weeks
(1-1/2 months)
What is the dentition type of adult teeth in dogs?
Incisors: 12-16 weeks
Canines: 12-16 weeks
Premolars: 12-16 weeks
Molars: 16-20 weeks
(3-5 months)
What is the dentition type of deciduous teeth in cats?
Incisors: 3-4 weeks
Canines: 3-4 weeks
Premolars: 5-6 weeks
(1-1/2 months)
What is the dentition type of adult teeth in cats?
Incisors: 11-16 weeks
Canines: 12-20 weeks
Premolars: 16-20 weeks
Molars: 20-24 weeks
(3-6 months)
When do dogs and cats have their full set of baby teeth?
By 6 weeks
When do dogs start growing adult teeth?
By 5 months
When should dogs and cats have full sets of adult teeth erupted?
By 6 months
What is a Diphyodont? Give examples.
An animal with two sets of teeth, deciduous and permanent.
-Humans
-Cats
-Dogs
-Cows
-Horses
-Mammals
What is a brachyodont? What does their crown and root look like? Give examples of one.
An animal who’s teeth do not continuously grow out. Small crown, big root.
-Humans
-Cats
-Dogs
-Pigs
What is a hypsodont? What does their crown and root look like? Give examples of one.
An animal who’s teeth continuously grow out.
Big crown, small root.
-Rabbits
-Horses
-Rodents
What is a Radicular Hypsodont and an Aradicular Hypsodont?
Radicular: Has a solid root structure, apex remains open during most of adult life.
Aradicular: Does not have a solid root structure
Both have continuous eruption helped by occlusal wear.
What are incisors for?
Gnawing and grooming
What are canines for?
Prehending and holding
What are premolars/molars for?
Shearing and grinding
What is a brachycephalic? Give examples.
An animal with a wide skull and short maxilla.
-Pugs
-Boxers
-Persian cats
What is a dolichocephalic? Give examples.
An animal with a narrow skull and long maxilla.
-Sight hounds
-Collies
-Greyhounds
What is a mesocephalic? Give examples.
An animal with a well-proportioned skull.
-Beagles
-Labrador retrievers
Describe the level of veterinary dental care entrusted to techs vs doctors.
Veterinary technician’s role in dentistry is dictated by their state’s veterinary practice act. However, techs can perform dental procedures that do not result in altercation of the shape, structure, or location of teeth.
What is a COHAT? Why do we anesthetize our patients for this dental care?
Comprehensive Oral Assessment and Treatment
-We anesthetize our patients to prevent pain and memory of the procedure, to protect their airway from debris and water, to safely examine and work in their mouth, and to keep our equipment safe.
What are the seven dental indices for a COHAT, and what do each of them measure exactly?
- Gingival recession- the amount of gingival recession or root exposure, measured in mm from the cementoenamel junction to the margin of the gingiva.
- Gingival index- measuring inflammation 0-3.
- Probe depth- measure of depth in mm the depth of the periodontal pockets.
- Periodontal attachment level- sum of probe depth and gingival recession. Measured from the cementoenamel junction to the margin of the gingiva.
- Furcation exposure- probe is perpendicular to tooth, measures loss of bone support.
- Tooth mobility- 0-3 no movement to gross mobility.
- Periodontal dz.- the severity of dz, determined by radiographs or attachment level on scale of normal to stage 4.
What are the basic instruments you use to evaluate the dental indices?
Periodontal Probe
Dental Explorer
Hand scalers: curette, sickle, hoe, and file
What are normal index measurements you’d expect in a patient without periodontal disease?
- Gingival recession- 0 mm
- Gingival index- 0= normal healthy gingiva, no inflammation
- Probe depth- Dogs: 1-3mm, Cats: 0.5-1mm
- Periodontal attachment level- probe depth + gingival recession in mm TOTAL.
- Furcation exposure- 0= no loss of bone support
- Tooth mobility- 0= no mobility
- Periodontal dz.- Normal= no gingival inflammation, no attachment loss, no furcation
Why do we scale teeth?
To remove calculus, remove soft and hard deposits from the teeth and periodontal pockets, and prevent the buildup of bacteria and tartar
What instruments do we use to hand scale? How do they differ from each other? Where do you use certain ones in the mouth?
Plaque cracker/extraction foreceps and hand scaler: curette, file, hoe, and sickle. They are different in the way the blade is shaped. We use straight shanked scalers on the rostral teeth, and angled shanked scalers on the caudal teeth.
What tools are used for dental extractions?
Winged elevator, periosteal elevator, scalpel, and extraction foreceps
Which tool is the only tool that can do subgingival scaling?
Curette hand scaler
What are the pros and cons of ultrasonic scaling?
Pros:
-more efficient at removing calculus
-uses water as a coolant and a lavage
-operates at a higher cps range
-uses and electronic generator
-more quiet
-less time required
Cons:
-flushing is destructive to biofilm and soft tissue
-fragile instruments
-can cause damage from heat and vibrations
What makes an ultrasonic scaler so effective? What are the dangers of its use?
It is effective because it uses both water and vibrations to shatter the calculus and tartar off of the teeth. The dangers of its use is not using enough water so it becomes hot and damages the pulp, if the tip is left on the tooth for too long the vibrations become concentrated and can cause damage to the tooth or to soft tissue. There is always a risk of aerosolized bacteria, so pre-rinse with chlorhexidine, wear PPE, and lube the patient’s eyes. U.S. scaling also requires protecting the airway with an ETT and inflated cuff due to the debris and water.
Why do we polish teeth and what is the process?
To buff out the scratches and abrasions made by scaling and normal wear and tear, and to remove extrinsic stains on the tooth surfaces. The scratches can build up bacteria and tartar if not polished off after scaling.
-Use a low speed handpiece
-Rubber cup
-Prophylaxis angle
-Abrasive polishing paste
-Rinse with water or chlorhexidine
How do we stage periodontal disease? Which key factors indicate advancing disease?
Normal: no gingival inflammation
Stage 1: gingivitis
Stage 2: <25% bone loss, stage 1 furcation
Stage 3: 25-50% bone loss, stage 2 furcation
Stage 4: >50% bone loss, stage 3 furcation
Key factors: gingivitis, attachment loss, gingival hyperplasia, pseudopockets, and gingival recession.
At what level of periodontal disease can we reverse the condition, and when do we take action with root planing and extractions?
We can reverse periodontal disease at stage 2. We take action with root planing and extractions at stage 3.
How do we describe malocclusions?
Class 1: Neutroclusion- one or more teeth are abnormally posiitoned
Class 2: Distoclusion: maxillary prognathia, mandibular brachygnathia (parrot mouth)
Class 3: Mesioclusion: maxillary brachygnathia, mandibular prognathia (monkey mouth)
Class 4: Wry-mouth. Twisted
What are epulides?
Benign oral fibroma mass originating from the periodontal ligament, common in dogs.
What are fistulas?
An abnormal connection/pathway between neighboring structures. This small opening is a tract for bacteria to cause chronic infection.
What are resorptive lesions?
Feline Oral Resorptive Lesions
-Cause teeth resorption
-Lesions originate in the cementum, then odontoclasts erode into the dentin, the erosion then progresses apically or coronally.
What is stomatitis?
Inflammation of the mouth
What is osteoitis?
Inflammation of the bone caused by chronic inflammation or infection
What are the most common oral tumors?
-Squamous cell carcinoma (cats)
-Epulides
-Acanthomatous epulis
-Osteosarcoma
-Oral melanoma
-Gingival hyperplasia
What is feline juvenile gingivitis often associated with?
-FIV
-FeLV
-Calicivirus
What is the difference between plaque and tartar?
Plaque is the soft, fuzzy buildup that can easily be removed. Tartar is the hard buildup of plaque that wasn’t removed.
What does gingival recession mean and where do you see it?
Peeling away of the gingiva. It is in the cementoenamel junction, where the crown turns into the root.
What are the layers of the teeth from outside in?
Enamel, cementum, dentin, and pulp cavity
What is furcation exposure indicative of?
Attachment loss
When do teeth begin to demonstrate mobility?
When each root in the tooth has lost attachment
What type of attachment loss comes with periodontal disease?
Soft tissue: seen with probing and indices
Alveolar bone: seen with radiographs
