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Principles of Surgery > Dentistry > Flashcards

Dentistry Flashcards

1
Q

what is the crown

A

portion of the tooth above the gingiva

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2
Q

what is the enamel

A

covers the crown and protects internal tooth structures from damage

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3
Q

what is the dentin

A

hard permeable material below the enamel

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4
Q

what is the gingiva

A

“gums”

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5
Q

what is the mucogingival junction

A

transition from the gingiva to the mucosa that makes up the mucosa

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6
Q

what is the root

A

portion of the tooth below the gum line

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7
Q

what is the furcation

A

point where roots diverge

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8
Q

what is the root canal/pulp canal

A

portion of tooth containing blood supply and nerves

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9
Q

what is the cementum

A

covers roots and is continuous with the enamel; helps adhere teeth to alveolar bone

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10
Q

what is the name for the junction between enamel and cementum

A

cementoenamel junction

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11
Q

what is the periodontal ligament and what does it do

A

CT; adheres teeth to alveolar bone

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12
Q

what is the apex

A

tip of the tooth deepest within the alveolar bone

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13
Q

what is the blood supply in the maxilla

A

1) maxillary a/v
2) infraorbital a/v
3) major palatine a/v

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14
Q

what is the blood supply in the mandibular canal

A

1) inferior alveolar
2) mental

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15
Q

what is the blood supply in the tongue

A

lingual a/v

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16
Q

what is important about the location of the mandibular canal

A

runs close to the roots of the mandibular molars/premolars so caution should be taken in this area

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17
Q

what are the major nerves in the maxilla

A

maxillary nerve and infraorbital nerve

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18
Q

what are the major nerves in the mandible

A

inferior alveolar nerve and mental nerve

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19
Q

healthy adult dogs have ____ teeth and healthy adult cats have ____ teeth

A

42; 30

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20
Q

what teeth always have 1 root regardless of species and location

A

incisors and canines

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21
Q

what teeth are most important for chewing in domesticated dogs and cats

A

premolars

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22
Q

what is the carnassial

A

last premolar on the maxilla and first molar on the mandible

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23
Q

what is the number to denote quadrant for adults and for juveniles

A

adult: 1-4
juvenile: 5-8

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24
Q

what are the rules for the triadan system for the following teeth
- canines:
- upper carnassial:
- lower carnassial:

A

canines: 04
upper carnassial: 08
lower carnassial: 09

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25
Q

what teeth are missing in cats

A

all 5’s, 10’s, 11’s and lower 6’s

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26
Q

dogs and cats have two sets of teeth (baby and adult)… what is this called

A

diphyodont

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27
Q

how many baby teeth do dogs have? how many do cats have?

A

dogs: 28
cats: 26

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28
Q

what teeth are non-successional (no baby teeth)

A

molars and 05s

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29
Q

what are the 3 points we want to evaluate puppy teeth and what are we looking for

A

1st vaccine appointment (8 weeks): should have some baby teeth
2nd vaccine appointment (12 weeks): should be teething/lose teeth
spay/neuter: check for retained teeth

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30
Q

what does COHAT stand for

A

comprehensive oral health assessment and treatment

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31
Q

what are the 4 parts to COHAT

A

1) conscious exam
2) anesthetized exam
3) radiographs
4) surgery and treatment

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32
Q

how does periodontal disease develop

A

pellicle -> plaque -> calculus

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33
Q

is plaque or calculus more pathogenic

A

plaque

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34
Q

how does endodontic disease develop

A

trauma -> inflammation -> pulp necrosis

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35
Q

does supergingival or subgingival plaque cause the most periodontal disease progression

A

subgingival

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36
Q

what is the term for bad breath

A

halitosis

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37
Q

T/F doxycycline and other tetracyclines can cause gingival hyperplasia

A

F; they can cause tooth discoloration

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38
Q

T/F cyclosporine, amlodipine and phenobarbital can cause gingival hyperplasia

A

T

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39
Q

what is the name for an autoimmune disease that can cause swelling and atrophy of masticatory muscles

A

masticatory muscle myostitis

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40
Q

injury to the salivary gland can result in _________ formation

A

sialocele

41
Q

what CBC and biochem changes might you expect to see in a patient with dental disease

A

CBC: mild anemia of chronic disease

biochemistry: elevated ALT, AST, ALP; azotemia; elevated globulin

42
Q

what are two diseases that predispose to oral disease

A

chronic kidney disease -> oral ulceration

FIV/FeLV -> infection and stomatitis

43
Q

chattering in cats is a sign of

A

oral pain

44
Q

describe the following classes of malocclusions:
- class 1
- class 2
- class 3
- class 4

A

class 1: abnormal positioning of teeth
class 2: brachygnathism (overbite)
class 3: prognathism (underbite)
class 4: rare, often traumatic; one side of maxilla/mandible shorter than other side

45
Q

base narrow canines:
- what class of malocclusion?
- what are they?
- treatments?

A
  • type 1
  • when the mandibular canine erupts lingually -> damage to hard palate and canines
  • ball therapy, extraction, orthodontics
46
Q

rotated and crowded teeth:
- what class of malocclusion
- what are they
- treatments

A
  • class 1
  • teeth do not sit parallel to jaw line
  • routine dental care +/- early extraction
47
Q

cleft lip:
- what is it
- is it usually congenital or traumatic
- treatment

A
  • defect in hard or soft palate due to incomplete fusion of both sides of the skull
  • congenital
  • may require surgery +/- tube feeding in the meantime
48
Q

T/F retained deciduous teeth are associated with increased risk of periodontal disease

A

T

49
Q

what is a common location for oral ulceration and what is important to determine

A

common on tongue and caudal to carnassials; important to determine if due to primary oral disease or systemic disease

50
Q

how should we probe teeth

A

at 6 spots; 3 buccal/labial and 3 lingual/palatal

51
Q

normal canine gingival pockets:
normal feline gingival pockets:

A

0-3 mm
0-1 mm

52
Q

how can your interpretation of probing differ between small and large dogs

A

large: might have >3 mm pockets but no disease
small: may have <3 mm pocket with disease

53
Q

what is gingival recession

A

process by which gums retract apically, exposing the roots

54
Q

what causes gingival recession

A

chronic periodontal disease

55
Q

describe the 3 classes of gingivitis

A

G1: mild redness/edema; no bleeding on probing
G2: moderate redness/edema; bleeding on probing
G3: severe redness/edema/ulceration; spontaneous bleeding

56
Q

what teeth can be physiologically loose

A

incisors in small breed dogs

57
Q

how do we grade mobility

A

M1-M3
M1: slight
M2: moderate
M3: marked

58
Q

how do we assess furcation

A

F1: probe <50% through furcation
F2: probe >50% through furcation
F3: probe 100% through furcation

59
Q

how do we treat furcation

A

F1: scaling and curettage
F2: may require extraction
F3: always requires extraction

60
Q

what is the equivalent of cavities in small animals

A

caries

61
Q

where do we tend to see caries

A

on occlusal surface; caudal premolars and molars

62
Q

what causes pulp exposure

A

fractures

63
Q

where is pulp exposure common

A

carnassials and canines

64
Q

how does feline resorption develop

A

unknown; involves genetics and environment

65
Q

how does resorption differ from caries or pulp exposure

A

hard as opposed to caries and pulp exposure which is spongy

66
Q

where do we tend to see resorptive lesions in cats

A

at the gingival margin

67
Q

what is the prevalence of resorptive lesions in cats

A

20-70%

68
Q

how do we record probing depth

A

greatest depth per tooth

69
Q

what is the name for the nose holes in the skull that we can see on dental x-rays of the maxilla

A

palatine fissures

70
Q

in what species can the roots of the molars be unevenly sized

A

cats

71
Q

the upper carnassial has ___ roots whereas the lower carnassial has ___ roots

A

3; 2

72
Q

what are some landmarks for the mandible

A
  • mandibular canal
  • mandibular symphysis
  • ventral border
  • carnassial will have 2 roots
73
Q

what are some landmarks for the maxilla

A
  • white line
  • palatine fissures
  • 3 rooted carnassial
74
Q

what is a structure that will interfere with imaging the maxilla, especially in cats, but does not minic pathology

A

zygomatic arch (fucks with premolars and molars)

75
Q

how does the mental foramen appear and what teeth does it interfere with

A

radiolucency near apex of mandibular premolars 06 and 07

76
Q

what is chevron lucency? where do we see it? what is it confused with?

A

radiopacity near the apex of incisors, canines and carnassials; confused for endodontic disease

77
Q

an extra root is called _____________ whereas loss of a root is called

A

supernumerary roots; fused roots

78
Q

T/F supernumerary and fused roots are pathological findings

A

F; benign

79
Q

what is the term for extra crowns?

A

gemination: ex. bigeminy, trigeminy

80
Q

what is the term for hooked roots and why is it important

A

dilacerated roots; really difficult to remove and prone to breaking

81
Q

horizontal bone loss occurs ___________ to the tooth root whereas vertical bone loss occurs _____________ to the tooth root

A

perpendicular; parallel

82
Q

what type of bone loss typically involves multiple roots and/or multiple teeth

A

horizontal

83
Q

T/F vertical bone loss may only involve 1 root of an individual tooth

A

T

84
Q

what is alveolar bony expansion

A

firm swelling of the bone around a tooth

85
Q

where is alveolar bony expansion most common and in what species

A

cat canines

86
Q

describe the following stages of periodontal disease:
PD0
PD1
PD2
PD3
PD4

A

PD0: minimal debris or inflammation without any bone loss
PD1: gingivitis without any bone loss
PD2: <25% bone loss and/or F1 on probing
PD3: 25-50% bone loss and/or F2 on probing
PD4: >50% bone loss and/or F3 on probing

87
Q

feline resorptive lesions can occur at the level of:

A

crown, root or both

88
Q

what is the difference between type 1, 2 and 3 resorptive lesions in cats

A

1: focal or multifocal lucencies in the tooth but normal PDL space
2: radiopaque roots and complete loss of PDL space
3: combination of type 1 and 2: 1 root has normal PDL space and 1 root has no PDL space

89
Q

what is the term for tooth resorption in dogs

A

ankylosis

90
Q

what are the 2 common types of ankylosis in dogs

A

1) external replacement resorption
2) external inflammatory resorption

91
Q

how does external replacement resorption present

A

type 2 in cats

92
Q

how does external inflammatory resorption present

A

periapical lucency and progressive degradation of cementum and dentin

93
Q

what is believed to cause external inflammatory resorptions

A

inflammation from periodontitis or endodontic disease

94
Q

what is the sign of endodontic disease on radiographs

A

periapical lucency and widening of the root canal

95
Q

T/F the root canal can either widen or narrow if there is endodontic disease

A

T

96
Q

how do we categorize tooth fractures

A
  • location (crown, root, enamel, crown-root)
  • pulp exposure (exposed = complicated)
97
Q

what is the name for damage to the enamel from chewing something too hard

A

enamel infraction

98
Q

what is a predisposing factor to jaw fracture

A

severe periodontal disease

Principles of Surgery (8 decks)

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