Dentistry Flashcards
what is the crown
portion of the tooth above the gingiva
what is the enamel
covers the crown and protects internal tooth structures from damage
what is the dentin
hard permeable material below the enamel
what is the gingiva
“gums”
what is the mucogingival junction
transition from the gingiva to the mucosa that makes up the mucosa
what is the root
portion of the tooth below the gum line
what is the furcation
point where roots diverge
what is the root canal/pulp canal
portion of tooth containing blood supply and nerves
what is the cementum
covers roots and is continuous with the enamel; helps adhere teeth to alveolar bone
what is the name for the junction between enamel and cementum
cementoenamel junction
what is the periodontal ligament and what does it do
CT; adheres teeth to alveolar bone
what is the apex
tip of the tooth deepest within the alveolar bone
what is the blood supply in the maxilla
1) maxillary a/v
2) infraorbital a/v
3) major palatine a/v
what is the blood supply in the mandibular canal
1) inferior alveolar
2) mental
what is the blood supply in the tongue
lingual a/v
what is important about the location of the mandibular canal
runs close to the roots of the mandibular molars/premolars so caution should be taken in this area
what are the major nerves in the maxilla
maxillary nerve and infraorbital nerve
what are the major nerves in the mandible
inferior alveolar nerve and mental nerve
healthy adult dogs have ____ teeth and healthy adult cats have ____ teeth
42; 30
what teeth always have 1 root regardless of species and location
incisors and canines
what teeth are most important for chewing in domesticated dogs and cats
premolars
what is the carnassial
last premolar on the maxilla and first molar on the mandible
what is the number to denote quadrant for adults and for juveniles
adult: 1-4
juvenile: 5-8
what are the rules for the triadan system for the following teeth
- canines:
- upper carnassial:
- lower carnassial:
canines: 04
upper carnassial: 08
lower carnassial: 09
what teeth are missing in cats
all 5’s, 10’s, 11’s and lower 6’s
dogs and cats have two sets of teeth (baby and adult)… what is this called
diphyodont
how many baby teeth do dogs have? how many do cats have?
dogs: 28
cats: 26
what teeth are non-successional (no baby teeth)
molars and 05s
what are the 3 points we want to evaluate puppy teeth and what are we looking for
1st vaccine appointment (8 weeks): should have some baby teeth
2nd vaccine appointment (12 weeks): should be teething/lose teeth
spay/neuter: check for retained teeth
what does COHAT stand for
comprehensive oral health assessment and treatment
what are the 4 parts to COHAT
1) conscious exam
2) anesthetized exam
3) radiographs
4) surgery and treatment
how does periodontal disease develop
pellicle -> plaque -> calculus
is plaque or calculus more pathogenic
plaque
how does endodontic disease develop
trauma -> inflammation -> pulp necrosis
does supergingival or subgingival plaque cause the most periodontal disease progression
subgingival
what is the term for bad breath
halitosis
T/F doxycycline and other tetracyclines can cause gingival hyperplasia
F; they can cause tooth discoloration
T/F cyclosporine, amlodipine and phenobarbital can cause gingival hyperplasia
T
what is the name for an autoimmune disease that can cause swelling and atrophy of masticatory muscles
masticatory muscle myostitis
injury to the salivary gland can result in _________ formation
sialocele
what CBC and biochem changes might you expect to see in a patient with dental disease
CBC: mild anemia of chronic disease
biochemistry: elevated ALT, AST, ALP; azotemia; elevated globulin
what are two diseases that predispose to oral disease
chronic kidney disease -> oral ulceration
FIV/FeLV -> infection and stomatitis
chattering in cats is a sign of
oral pain
describe the following classes of malocclusions:
- class 1
- class 2
- class 3
- class 4
class 1: abnormal positioning of teeth
class 2: brachygnathism (overbite)
class 3: prognathism (underbite)
class 4: rare, often traumatic; one side of maxilla/mandible shorter than other side
base narrow canines:
- what class of malocclusion?
- what are they?
- treatments?
- type 1
- when the mandibular canine erupts lingually -> damage to hard palate and canines
- ball therapy, extraction, orthodontics
rotated and crowded teeth:
- what class of malocclusion
- what are they
- treatments
- class 1
- teeth do not sit parallel to jaw line
- routine dental care +/- early extraction
cleft lip:
- what is it
- is it usually congenital or traumatic
- treatment
- defect in hard or soft palate due to incomplete fusion of both sides of the skull
- congenital
- may require surgery +/- tube feeding in the meantime
T/F retained deciduous teeth are associated with increased risk of periodontal disease
T
what is a common location for oral ulceration and what is important to determine
common on tongue and caudal to carnassials; important to determine if due to primary oral disease or systemic disease
how should we probe teeth
at 6 spots; 3 buccal/labial and 3 lingual/palatal
normal canine gingival pockets:
normal feline gingival pockets:
0-3 mm
0-1 mm
how can your interpretation of probing differ between small and large dogs
large: might have >3 mm pockets but no disease
small: may have <3 mm pocket with disease
what is gingival recession
process by which gums retract apically, exposing the roots
what causes gingival recession
chronic periodontal disease
describe the 3 classes of gingivitis
G1: mild redness/edema; no bleeding on probing
G2: moderate redness/edema; bleeding on probing
G3: severe redness/edema/ulceration; spontaneous bleeding
what teeth can be physiologically loose
incisors in small breed dogs
how do we grade mobility
M1-M3
M1: slight
M2: moderate
M3: marked
how do we assess furcation
F1: probe <50% through furcation
F2: probe >50% through furcation
F3: probe 100% through furcation
how do we treat furcation
F1: scaling and curettage
F2: may require extraction
F3: always requires extraction
what is the equivalent of cavities in small animals
caries
where do we tend to see caries
on occlusal surface; caudal premolars and molars
what causes pulp exposure
fractures
where is pulp exposure common
carnassials and canines
how does feline resorption develop
unknown; involves genetics and environment
how does resorption differ from caries or pulp exposure
hard as opposed to caries and pulp exposure which is spongy
where do we tend to see resorptive lesions in cats
at the gingival margin
what is the prevalence of resorptive lesions in cats
20-70%
how do we record probing depth
greatest depth per tooth
what is the name for the nose holes in the skull that we can see on dental x-rays of the maxilla
palatine fissures
in what species can the roots of the molars be unevenly sized
cats
the upper carnassial has ___ roots whereas the lower carnassial has ___ roots
3; 2
what are some landmarks for the mandible
- mandibular canal
- mandibular symphysis
- ventral border
- carnassial will have 2 roots
what are some landmarks for the maxilla
- white line
- palatine fissures
- 3 rooted carnassial
what is a structure that will interfere with imaging the maxilla, especially in cats, but does not minic pathology
zygomatic arch (fucks with premolars and molars)
how does the mental foramen appear and what teeth does it interfere with
radiolucency near apex of mandibular premolars 06 and 07
what is chevron lucency? where do we see it? what is it confused with?
radiopacity near the apex of incisors, canines and carnassials; confused for endodontic disease
an extra root is called _____________ whereas loss of a root is called
supernumerary roots; fused roots
T/F supernumerary and fused roots are pathological findings
F; benign
what is the term for extra crowns?
gemination: ex. bigeminy, trigeminy
what is the term for hooked roots and why is it important
dilacerated roots; really difficult to remove and prone to breaking
horizontal bone loss occurs ___________ to the tooth root whereas vertical bone loss occurs _____________ to the tooth root
perpendicular; parallel
what type of bone loss typically involves multiple roots and/or multiple teeth
horizontal
T/F vertical bone loss may only involve 1 root of an individual tooth
T
what is alveolar bony expansion
firm swelling of the bone around a tooth
where is alveolar bony expansion most common and in what species
cat canines
describe the following stages of periodontal disease:
PD0
PD1
PD2
PD3
PD4
PD0: minimal debris or inflammation without any bone loss
PD1: gingivitis without any bone loss
PD2: <25% bone loss and/or F1 on probing
PD3: 25-50% bone loss and/or F2 on probing
PD4: >50% bone loss and/or F3 on probing
feline resorptive lesions can occur at the level of:
crown, root or both
what is the difference between type 1, 2 and 3 resorptive lesions in cats
1: focal or multifocal lucencies in the tooth but normal PDL space
2: radiopaque roots and complete loss of PDL space
3: combination of type 1 and 2: 1 root has normal PDL space and 1 root has no PDL space
what is the term for tooth resorption in dogs
ankylosis
what are the 2 common types of ankylosis in dogs
1) external replacement resorption
2) external inflammatory resorption
how does external replacement resorption present
type 2 in cats
how does external inflammatory resorption present
periapical lucency and progressive degradation of cementum and dentin
what is believed to cause external inflammatory resorptions
inflammation from periodontitis or endodontic disease
what is the sign of endodontic disease on radiographs
periapical lucency and widening of the root canal
T/F the root canal can either widen or narrow if there is endodontic disease
T
how do we categorize tooth fractures
- location (crown, root, enamel, crown-root)
- pulp exposure (exposed = complicated)
what is the name for damage to the enamel from chewing something too hard
enamel infraction
what is a predisposing factor to jaw fracture
severe periodontal disease
