Dentistry

Question 1

FOG - 1
The role of the dental prosthesis except:
A) restore the masticatory ability
B) restore the voice projection caused by tooth loss
C) provide proper support for the lips
D) to provide the ability for the patient to nail-biting
E) provide proper face height

Answer 1

ANSWER
D) to provide the ability for the patient to nail-biting

EXPLANATION
The role of the dental prosthesis is the aesthetic, functional, voice projection rehabilitation of the teeth. The nail biting is better to avoid due to hygienic reasons and the overload of the masticatory system.

Question 2

FOG - 2
Not true for medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw:
A) more common on the lower jaw
B) more common in the molar region
C) occurs more often if the patient has diabetes mellitus
D) more common if the bisphosphonate is dosed per os rather than intravenous
E) Not always, but most of the cases are developed after an oral surgery procedure.

Answer 2

ANSWER
D) more common if the bisphosphonate is dosed per os rather than intravenous

EXPLANATION
All the answers are correct, except D. The use of intravenous bisphosphonates is more likely to cause MRONJ than per os bisphosphonates.

Question 3

FOG - 3
The aesthetic requirements of dental prostheses:
A) appropriate for the sex and age of the patient
B) appropriate for the race
C) fulfill the expectations of the patient
D) fit to the remaining teeth in color and shape
E) all the answers are correct

Answer 3

ANSWER
E) all the answers are correct

EXPLANATION
All the listed points are important aesthetic requirements when making dental prostheses.

Question 4

FOG - 4
Most often causes allergy among the dental materials:
A) amalgam
B) precious metal alloys
C) non-precious metal alloys
D) glass ionomer cement
E) titanium

Answer 4

ANSWER
C) non-precious metal alloys

EXPLANATION
The frequency of nickel allergy can be as high as 10% in some populations. Therefore in the case of non-precious metal alloys, it is becoming very important to strive to be nickel-free.

Question 5

FOG - 5
The most informative imaging test in the case of temporomandibular joint (TMJ).
A) MRI
B) CBCT examination of cheekbones and jaws
C) orthopantomogram
D) lateral skull CT
E) skull CT

Answer 5

ANSWER
A) MRI

EXPLANATION
The MRI is a gold standard imaging test when joints are tested. The articular disc of the TMJ has a key role in the joint’s function. The articular disc is a fibrous connective tissue that is not visible on the X-ray. The MRI is imaging of the soft tissue and is capable of testing the TMJ.

Question 6

FOG - 6
Medication groups induce medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw:
1) aminobisphosphonate
2) denosumab
3) VEGF antibody
4) non-aminobisphosphonate
A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) Only answer 4 is correct
E) All of the answers are correct

Answer 6

ANSWER
E) All of the answers are correct

EXPLANATION
All of the listed medication groups can induce medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw.

Question 7

FOG - 7
You notice an unconscious person, lying on the street. During airway management the …… has to be removed from the mouth:
1) porcelain fused to metal removable partial denture cemented on the teeth
2) complete denture in the lower jaw
3) screw-retained implant crown
4) clasp retained removable partial denture
A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) Only answer 4 is correct
E) All of the answers are correct

Answer 7

ANSWER
C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct

EXPLANATION
The removable dentures need to be removed because they can cause airway obstruction if the patient is unconscious.

Question 8

FOG - 8
What kind of dental prosthesis can be made to replace the lower missing first molar?
1) solo crown on a solo implant
2) porcelain fused to metal fixed partial denture retained on the two neighbor teeth (“bridge”)
3) porcelain fused to zirconium-dioxide fixed partial denture retained on the two neighbor teeth (“bridge”)
4) complete denture
A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) Only answer 4 is correct
E) All of the answers are correct

Answer 8

ANSWER
A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct

EXPLANATION
In the case of single tooth loss the best choice is the implant replacement if it is possible.

Question 9

FOG - 9
Major symptom(s) of the temporomandibular disorder (TMD):
1) facial pain related to jaw movements
2) limitation of mouth opening
3) clicking, popping, or grinding when moving the jaw
4) excessive tooth wear
A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) Only answer 4 is correct
E) All of the answers are correct

Answer 9

ANSWER
A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct

EXPLANATION
Based on the definition the major symptoms of TMD are: pain, clicking, popping or grinding, and limitation in the mouth opening related to the jaw movements. The tooth wear is only a minor symptom.

Question 10

FOG - 10
Aetiology of the TMD can be:
1) stress
2) occlusal discrepancy related to inadequate prosthetic or orthodontic treatment
3) macro- or micro-trauma in the temporomandibular joints
4) inadequate root canal treatment
A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct
C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct
D) Only answer 4 is correct
E) All of the answers are correct

Answer 10

ANSWER
A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct

EXPLANATION
Micro-trauma is when continuous blows are transmitted to the temporomandibular joints due to insufficient contact between the upper and lower teeth. This effect is increased by grinding the teeth because of stress.

Question 11

FOG-11-14
Match the following.
A) the temporomandibular joints
B) the masticatory muscles
C) both of them
D) none of them
FOG - 11 - It can be the origin of the pain due to temporomandibular disorder (TMD)
FOG - 12 - If this is affected, the limited active mouth opening can be passively open an additional 3-5 mm.
FOG - 13 - Their dysfunction can be the result of occlusal problem/discrepancy
FOG - 14 - The limited active mouth opening can not be further opened passively

Answer 11

ANSWER
FOG - 11 - It can be the origin of the pain due to temporomandibular disorder (TMD) - C)
FOG - 12 - If this is affected, the limited active mouth opening can be passively open an additional 3-5 mm. - B)
FOG - 13 - Their dysfunction can be the result of occlusal problem/discrepancy - C)
FOG - 14 - The limited active mouth opening can not be further opened passively - A)

Question 12

FOG-15-18
Match the following.
A) removable denture
B) fixed partial denture
C) both of them
D) none of them
FOG - 15 - It does not occupy greater space than the natural teeth
FOG - 16 - In this case, the hygienic aspect is more favorable, easier to keep it clean
FOG - 17 - It can be fabricated with the digital labor technique
FOG - 18 - The patients prefer this type of dental prosthesis

Answer 12

ANSWER
FOG - 15 - It does not occupy greater space than the natural teeth - B)
FOG - 16 - In this case, the hygienic aspect is more favorable, easier to keep it clean - A)
FOG - 17 - It can be fabricated with the digital labor technique - C)
FOG - 18 - The patients prefer this type of dental prosthesis - B)

Question 13

FOG - 19
The MRONJ is a multifactorial disease and the most important etiology is the local radiotherapy in the affected area.
A) both are correct, there is a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no causal relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, but the second is wrong
D) the first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

Answer 13

ANSWER
C) the first is correct in itself, but the second is wrong

EXPLANATION
Local and systematic factors also play roles in MRONJ. Osteonecrosis of the jaw caused by radiotherapy is called osteoradionecrosis.

Question 14

FOG - 20
If possible, we try to replace a single tooth loss, because the neighbor tooth can be migrated as a consequence of tooth loss.
A) both are correct, there is a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no causal relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, but the second is wrong
D) the first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

Answer 14

ANSWER
A) both are correct, there is a causal relationship between them

EXPLANATION
The replacement of tooth loss has several local, systematic, and financial contraindications. If there are no contraindications we try to replace the tooth loss. The tooth loss has several negative consequences, one of the most important is tooth migration.

Question 15

FOG - 21
The patients prefer the removable dentures because it is easier to keep them clean than the fox partial dentures.
A) both are correct, there is a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no causal relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, but the second is wrong
D) the first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

Answer 15

ANSWER
D) the first is wrong, the second is correct in itself

EXPLANATION
The cleaning of removable dentures is easier than fixed partial dentures, but most patients prefer fixed dentures.

Question 16

FOG - 22
The incidence ratio of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) between men and women is 1:2 because parafunctional activities (tooth clenching, grinding) are important etiological factors in TMD.
A) both are correct, there is a causal relationship between them
B) both are correct, but there is no causal relationship between them
C) the first is correct in itself, but the second is wrong
D) the first is wrong, the second is correct in itself
E) both are wrong

Answer 16

ANSWER
B) both are correct, but there is no causal relationship between them

EXPLANATION
TMD is twice as common among women and parafunctional activities are one of the most important etiological factors, but the two statements are not related to each other.

Question 17

FOG - 23
Treatment of a permanent tooth’s crown fracture with small-size pulp exposition, if not too much time passed since the accident:
A) pulpectomy
B) pulpotomy
C) indirect pulp capping
D) direct pulp capping
E) Root canal treatment in one session

Answer 17

ANSWER
D) direct pulp capping

EXPLANATION
In these circumstances, it can be claimed that the pulp tissue is not infected and the vitality can be preserved with medicational pulp capping

Question 18

FOG - 24
Type of luxatio partialis dentis permanentis:
A) extrusion
B) lateral luxation
C) subluxation
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Answer 18

ANSWER
D) all of the above

EXPLANATION
All three listed injuries are the type of partial luxation.

Question 19

FOG - 25
Which form of primary tooth injury most often causes malformation in permanent teeth?
A) crown fracture
B) root fracture
C) intrusion
D) partial luxation
E) total luxation

Answer 19

ANSWER
C) intrusion

EXPLANATION
The intrusion (tooth press inside the alveolus) can cause most often mechanical injury in the homologous germ of the permanent tooth in the case of primary tooth accidents.

Question 20

FOG - 26
Which contagious childhood disease can be a complication of orchitis and consecutive sterility?
A) chicken-pox
B) scarlatina
C) morbilli
D) epidemic parotitis
E) herpetic gingivostomatitis

Answer 20

ANSWER
D) epidemic parotitis

EXPLANATION
The epidemic parotitis (mumps) is caused by a virus that infects children. It is transmitted by airborne, and forms long-term immunity, the complications are otitis media, meningitis, and orchitis.

Question 21

FOG - 27
Koplik spot is a symptom of which childhood disease?
A) chicken-pox
B) scarlatina
C) morbilli
D) epidemic parotitis
E) gingivostomatitis herpetica

Answer 21

ANSWER
C) morbilli

EXPLANATION
The morbilli starts with whooping cough and on the second day of the disease small blueish-white spots (Koplik spots) appear in the hyperemic mucosa most often buccaly in the high of occlusal plane against the 5 and 6 teeth. The diagnosis of Koplik spots means the diagnosis of morbilli. The spots disappear after 2-3 days when exanthemas appear.

Question 22

FOG - 28
Which disease’s characteristic symptoms are the large number of impacted tooth germs blocked from breaking through?
A) ectodermal dysplasia
B) epidermolysis bullosa
C) cleidocranial dysostosis
D) Papillon Lefevre syndrome
E) Down syndrome

Answer 22

ANSWER
C) cleidocranial dysostosis

EXPLANATION
The symptoms of dysostosis cleidocranialis are: missing or hypoplastic clavicle, prolonged ossification of the cranial bones, large number (normal and supernumerary) of impacted tooth germs in the jaws blocked from breaking through.

Question 23

FOG - 29
What can cause Turner’s tooth?
A) inheritance
B) viral infection
C) fluoride overdose
D) inflammation around the root of the primary tooth
E) none of them

Answer 23

ANSWER
D) inflammation around the root of the primary tooth

EXPLANATION
What can cause Turner’s tooth? The inflammation around the root of the primary tooth due to trauma or caries can cause serious developing disorders in the mineralization of the homologous permanent tooth. This hypo-mineralized and brownish-discolored tooth is the Turner tooth.

Question 24

FOG - 30
The consequences of baby bottle syndrome:
A) caries (decay) on upper and lower primary incisors
B) gingivitis
C) periodontitis
D) circular caries (decay) on the upper four primary incisors
E) all of them

Answer 24

ANSWER
D) circular caries (decay) on the upper four primary incisors

EXPLANATION
The sugar-coated pacifier, sugar-sweetened beverages like tea from baby bottles and syrups cause circular caries in typical localization. The lesion of the upper primary incisors is first brownish discoloration around the tooth neck then progress into tooth decay, if neglected can cause tooth fracture as well.

Question 25

FOG - 31 Which bad habit can not cause an open bite? A) thumb sucking B) tongue thrust swallowing C) pursed-lip swallowing D) night grinding E) chewing objects

Answer 25

ANSWER D) night grinding EXPLANATION Every bad habit can cause an open bite when something (object or anatomical parts regularly. The grinding is not like that.

Question 26

FOG - 32 Oral symptoms of leukemia: 1) bleeding tendency 2) fungal infections due to therapy 3) petechias on the oral mucosa 4) ulcers on the oral mucosa, especially on the gingiva A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct D) Only answer 4 is correct E) All of the answers are correct

Answer 26

ANSWER E) All of the answers are correct EXPLANATION All the 4 are correct. During leukemia, the bleeding tendency and the number of petechias are increased. Fungal, bacterial, and viral infections can occur due to the disease and its therapy and characteristic deep ulcers appear.

Question 27

FOG - 33 Which disease(s) is/are caused by viruses? 1) chicken-pox 2) morbilli 3) herpangina 4) scarlatina A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct D) Only answer 4 is correct E) All of the answers are correct

Answer 27

ANSWER A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct EXPLANATION The scarlatina is caused by bacteria the other diseases are caused by viruses.

Question 28

FOG - 34 The characteristics of amelogenesis imperfecta 1) it can affect all teeth 2) the enamel is thinned 3) the worn off teeth are turn brownish 4) recessive inheritance disorder A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct D) Only answer 4 is correct E) All of the answers are correct

Answer 28

ANSWER A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct EXPLANATION This disease is inherited dominantly. The other statements (1,2,3) are true.

Question 29

FOG - 35 It is not a condition of the undisturbed replacement of the primary teeth: 1) enough space for the permanent tooth 2) optimal location of the permanent tooth germ 3) physiological root resorption of a primary tooth 4) primary tooth extraction as soon as possible A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct D) Only answer 4 is correct E) All of the answers are correct

Answer 29

ANSWER D) Only answer 4 is correct EXPLANATION The eruption of the permanent teeth can be disturbed because of the tilting and migration of neighbor teeth due to early primary tooth extraction(impaction). The 4 is the correct answer.

Question 30

FOG - 36 When is tetracycline medication can not be given? 1) under 10 years old 2) at pregnancy 3) under 12 years old 4) under 8 years old A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct D) Only answer 4 is correct E) All of the answers are correct

Answer 30

ANSWER C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct EXPLANATION Tetracyclin medications (e.g. Doxycyclin, Huma-Doxylin) can not be given to pregnant women and children under age 8 because of their tooth-damaging effect

Question 31

FOG - 37 Characteristic oral symptoms of Down syndrome: 1) salivation 2) microglossia 3) small teeth 4) wide upper dental arch A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct D) Only answer 4 is correct E) All of the answers are correct

Answer 31

ANSWER B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct EXPLANATION The 1 and 3 are correct. Down syndrome is a chromosome-related disease. The general symptoms go together with characteristic facial character too. The main symptoms are macroglossia, small teeth, and 95% malocclusion like cross and open bite.

Question 32

FOG - 38 What are the treatment options for decay in primary teeth? 1) filling 2) removing the caries and impregnation 3) use of preformed metal crown 4) vital amputation (pulpotomy) A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct D) Only answer 4 is correct E) All of the answers are correct

Answer 32

ANSWER E) All of the answers are correct EXPLANATION All of the above. It depends on the circumstances all the listed treatments can be used to treat decay in the primary tooth.

Question 33

FOG - 39 In the case of total luxation the primary incisor is not placed back in the alveolus, because the homologous permanent tooth can be damaged. A) both are correct, there is a causal relationship between them B) both are correct, but there is no causal relationship between them C) the first is correct in itself, but the second is wrong D) the first is wrong, the second is correct in itself E) both are wrong

Answer 33

ANSWER A) both are correct, there is a causal relationship between them EXPLANATION Both statements are correct, there is a cause-and-effect relation between them. The replanted root of the primary tooth can cause damage to the root of the permanent tooth.

Question 34

FOG - 40 Juvenile periodontitis can cause serious periodontal disease even in an early stage, so a careful clinical examination is enough for the diagnosis. A) both are correct, there is a causal relationship between them B) both are correct, but there is no causal relationship between them C) the first is correct in itself, but the second is wrong D) the first is wrong, the second is correct in itself E) both are wrong

Answer 34

ANSWER C) the first is correct in itself, but the second is wrong EXPLANATION The first statement is correct and the second is incorrect. The disease forms without inflammation, plaque, and calculus, gingivitis is not visible. The teeth have no caries. The vertical bone loss appears in the order of eruption of the permanent teeth, first on one side then on both sides of the molars and incisors. A foetor ex ore (bad breath) is a very uncomfortable symptom, careful clinical examination is needed. To make the diagnosis and determine the extent of the bone loss an x-ray is required.

Question 35

FOG - 41 The calcification of the primary teeth happens in the intrauterine life, therefore anomalies in the primary tooth number do not occur. A) both are correct, there is a causal relationship between them B) both are correct, but there is no causal relationship between them C) the first is correct in itself, but the second is wrong D) the first is wrong, the second is correct in itself E) both are wrong

Answer 35

ANSWER C) the first is correct in itself, but the second is wrong EXPLANATION Anomalies in tooth number can occur in the primary teeth as well but are not caused by calcification. The first statement is correct.

Question 36

FOG - 42 The mesiodens develop in the midline, therefore it causes diastema in every case. A) both are correct, there is a causal relationship between them B) both are correct, but there is no causal relationship between them C) the first is correct in itself, but the second is wrong D) the first is wrong, the second is correct in itself E) both are wrong

Answer 36

ANSWER C) the first is correct in itself, but the second is wrong EXPLANATION The first statement is correct the second is not. The mesiodens beside the diastema medianum can cause an abnormal eruption and position of the incisors. Only the first statement is true.

Question 37

FOG - 43 Childhood periodontal diseases can be influenced because they are caused by local factors. A) both are correct, there is a causal relationship between them B) both are correct, but there is no causal relationship between them C) the first is correct in itself, but the second is wrong D) the first is wrong, the second is correct in itself E) both are wrong

Answer 37

ANSWER C) the first is correct in itself, but the second is wrong EXPLANATION The first statement is correct the second is not. Periodontal diseases in childhood often have general etiology, but local factors can induce the symptoms as well. The treatment result of the disease is influenced by the underlying disease.

Question 38

FOG - 44 The immediate replantation of the totally luxated permanent tooth is needed because the time is crucial for future stability. A) both are correct, there is a causal relationship between them B) both are correct, but there is no causal relationship between them C) the first is correct in itself, but the second is wrong D) the first is wrong, the second is correct in itself E) both are wrong

Answer 38

ANSWER A) both are correct, there is a causal relationship between them EXPLANATION Both statements are correct, there is a cause-and-effect relation between them.

Question 39

FOG-45-48 Match the following. A) dental dilaceration B) dens invaginatus C) both of them D) none of them FOG - 45 - numerical abnormality of the teeth FOG - 46 - an be the consequences of primary tooth accidents FOG - 47 - morphological abnormality of tooth FOG - 48 - another name is dens in dente

Answer 39

ANSWER FOG - 45 - numerical abnormality of the teeth - D) Both are morphological abnormalities. Primary tooth trauma can cause dilaceration. In the case of invagination (or dens in dente), the development of one part of the tooth is lagged and the other parts grow around. These teeth are bulky shaped. FOG - 46 - an be the consequences of primary tooth accidents - A) Both are morphological abnormalities. Primary tooth trauma can cause dilaceration. In the case of invagination (or dens in dente), the development of one part of the tooth is lagged and the other parts grow around. These teeth are bulky shaped. FOG - 47 - morphological abnormality of tooth - C) Both are morphological abnormalities. Primary tooth trauma can cause dilaceration. In the case of invagination (or dens in dente), the development of one part of the tooth is lagged and the other parts grow around. These teeth are bulky shaped. FOG - 48 - another name is dens in dente - B) Both are morphological abnormalities. Primary tooth trauma can cause dilaceration. In the case of invagination (or dens in dente), the development of one part of the tooth is lagged and the other parts grow around. These teeth are bulky shaped.

Question 40

FOG-49-52 Match the following. A) dental sealant B) filling C) both of them D) none of them FOG - 49 - treatment of tooth disease FOG - 50 - carried out with adhesive technique FOG - 51 - the aim is caries prevention FOG - 52 - it can be done at any age

Answer 40

ANSWER FOG - 49 - treatment of tooth disease - B) The aim of dental sealing is caries prevention, carried out with an adhesive technique and optimally done shortly after the breakthrough of the tooth. FOG - 50 - carried out with adhesive technique - C) The aim of dental sealing is caries prevention, carried out with an adhesive technique and optimally done shortly after the breakthrough of the tooth. FOG - 51 - the aim is caries prevention - A) The aim of dental sealing is caries prevention, carried out with an adhesive technique and optimally done shortly after the breakthrough of the tooth. FOG - 52 - it can be done at any age - D) The aim of dental sealing is caries prevention, carried out with an adhesive technique and optimally done shortly after the breakthrough of the tooth.

Question 41

FOG - 53 For high-risk patients, the antibiotic prophylaxis is carried out this way before bloody procedures: A) 60 minutes before the procedure, 2000 mg Amoxicillin per os B) 30 minutes before the procedure, 1600 mg Clindamycin i.v. C) 30 minutes before the procedure, 1g Amoxicillin per os D) 60 minutes before the procedure, 2000 mg Tetracyclin i.m. E) 120 minutes before the procedure, 2000 mg Amoxicillin per os

Answer 41

ANSWER A) 60 minutes before the procedure, 2000 mg Amoxicillin per os EXPLANATION In dentistry treatment with bleeding is carried out in antibiotic prophylaxis for high-risk patients: The protocol is the following: 60 minutes before the procedure the patient takes 2000 mg amoxicillin per os.

Question 42

FOG - 54 Which one is caused by a dental focal infection? A) Alopecia aerate B) Infective endocarditis C) Preterm birth D) Melanoma E) Psoriasis

Answer 42

ANSWER D) Melanoma EXPLANATION Dental focal diseases/infections are spot boldness, psoriasis, and erythema nodosum, but have no role in the form of melanoma. The focal diseases are related to the high risk of infective endocarditis and other heart issues. Bad oral hygiene (periopathogenic bacterias and toxins) and focal infections like teeth with chronic periapical inflammation can cause preterm uterus contraction through elevated prostaglandin and inflammation factors.

Question 43

FOG - 55 What is true for the form of secondary caries? A) Decay under the filling in the bottom of the cavity B) Primary tooth decay on the tooth surface C) Only can form on the tooth neck D) Decay next to the previous filling or restoration E) most common on the canines

Answer 43

ANSWER D) Decay next to the previous filling or restoration EXPLANATION The decay under the filling in the bottom of the cavity can be the result of insufficient caries removal. This is called residual caries.

Question 44

FOG - 56 What is true for the remineralized enamel? A) The demineralized enamel takes up less F¬ ion than the healthy enamel, so it cannot be F- reservoir B) If it once remineralized it can not be demineralized again C) The composition of the remineralized enamel is not the same as the original enamel. It is more compact and has higher resistance to the acids D) The remineralized enamel is less resistant to the acids. E) Further mineral dissolution from the demineralized areas of the erupted tooth.

Answer 44

ANSWER C) The composition of the remineralized enamel is not the same as the original enamel. It is more compact and has higher resistance to the acids EXPLANATION Remineralization in the demineralized areas of the erupted tooth. Ca2+, (PO4)3– and F– ions from supersaturated saliva or synthetic materials are deposited in the demineralized tissues and form apatite. The remineralization is the growth of the remained apatite crystals rather than forming a new one. The F- fastens the apatite deposition, forming fluorapatite helping the crystal growth. The demineralized enamel takes up more F- ion than the healthy enamel and works as an F- reservoir. ) The composition of the remineralized enamel is not the same as the original enamel. It is more compact and has higher resistance to the acids

Question 45

FOG - 57 Which dental disease does not require root canal treatment therapy? A) Pulp necrosis B) Caries media C) Irreversibile pulpitis D) Internal resorption E) Chronic apical periodontitis

Answer 45

ANSWER B) Caries media EXPLANATION In the case of caries media the right therapy is filling or inlay/onlay.

Question 46

FOG - 58 Which dental disease’s typical symptom the biting sensitivity? A) Caries media B) Caries superficialis C) Acute apical periodontitis D) Internal resorption E) Secondary caries

Answer 46

ANSWER C) Acute apical periodontitis EXPLANATION In the case of acute apical periodontitis the inflammation of the pulp is spread to the periapical tissues which causes oedema. The patient feels that their aching tooth is longer and the tooth is sensitive to biting.

Question 47

FOG - 59 Primary selected medication in endocarditis prophylaxis: A) Acetylsalicylic acid B) Propranolol C) Amoxicillin D) Clopidogrel E) Metronidazole

Answer 47

ANSWER C) Amoxicillin EXPLANATION When there is a high risk for infective endocarditis (for example the patient has an artificial heart valve) antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended which reduces the risk. The first used antibiotic is amoxicillin in these cases.

Question 48

FOG - 60 In this case, the typical symptom is the biting sensitivity: A) Acute apical periodontitis B) Caries incipient C) Reversible pulpitis D) Irreversible pulpitis E) Hyperplastic pulpitis

Answer 48

ANSWER A) Acute apical periodontitis EXPLANATION In the case of acute apical periodontitis pain can be triggered with biting or axial percussion because the inflammation reached the periodontal tissues.

Question 49

FOG - 61 Which of the following tooth/teeth can be a dental focal infection? 1) living tooth covered with zirconium dioxide crown 2) necrotic teeth with periapical lesions showed on the X-ray 3) living tooth treated with inlay/onlay 4) every root canal-treated tooth can be a potential dental focal infection A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct D) Only answer 4 is correct E) All of the answers are correct

Answer 49

ANSWER C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct EXPLANATION Every infected, necrotic tooth or tooth with periapical lesion is counted as a dental focal infection. Every root canal-treated tooth (with or without periapical lesion) is a potential dental focal infection. Moreover, dental focal infections are periodontal inflammations (periodontitis), and impacted or retained teeth.

Question 50

FOG - 62 Giving antibiotic prophylaxis is required for high-risk dental patients with the following dental treatments: 1) tooth extraction 2) root canal treatment 3) sub-and supra gingival cleaning 4) making composite filling A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct D) Only answer 4 is correct E) All of the answers are correct

Answer 50

ANSWER A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct EXPLANATION Giving antibiotic prophylaxis is required for high-risk dental patients before treatment with bleeding where bacteremia may develop.

Question 51

FOG - 63 What are the pillars of caries prevention? 1) healthy nutrition 2) appropriate oral hygiene 3) fluoride prevention 4) regular dental check-up A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct D) Only answer 4 is correct E) All of the answers are correct

Answer 51

ANSWER E) All of the answers are correct EXPLANATION Caries is a multifactorial disease and the microorganisms, nutritional habits, and time between the cariogen attacks have a high role in development. Prevention and regular dental check-ups are very important to screening, instructing, and motivating patients.

Question 52

FOG - 64 Which factors can play a role in the development of dental caries? 1) predilection sites 2) bacterias 3) substrates 4) amount of sleeping A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct D) Only answer 4 is correct E) All of the answers are correct

Answer 52

ANSWER A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct EXPLANATION The primary factors in the development of dental caries are: tooth surface and microorganisms which can cause demineralization with their acidic metabolic products. The microorganisms break down the nutrition (substrates and carbohydrates) for this, time is needed and the frequency of this process also plays a role. Secondary factors can affect the development of dental caries like social background, environmental factors, amount of saliva, buffer capacity, etc.

Question 53

FOG - 65 Typical symptoms of irreversible pulpitis: 1) the pain can be worsened in lying position 2) swelling next to the tooth 3) intense tooth reaction to cold stimulus 4) the therapy is always tooth extraction A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct D) Only answer 4 is correct E) All of the answers are correct

Answer 53

ANSWER B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct EXPLANATION In the case of irreversible pulpitis the patient complains of strong pain from cold stimulus. The pain also can be strong, spontaneous, or radiating pain which worsens in lying position. The treatment options for irreversible pulpitis are pulpotomy (pulp amputation, removal of the coronal pulp only)or pulpectomy (root canal treatment, removal of the coronal and radicular pulp) or extraction

Question 54

FOG - 66 It is true for chair-side CAD/CAM systems: 1) the equipment is cheap 2) the dentist can save time with this system 3) there is no learning curve 4) can be used for making crown A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct D) Only answer 4 is correct E) All of the answers are correct

Answer 54

ANSWER C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct EXPLANATION The chair-side CAD/CAM systems are expensive equipment that accelerates the time of producing some dental restorations. Learning every new technology has a learning curve.

Question 55

FOG - 67 Pathological changes of the pulp: 1) Acute apical periodontitis 2) Chronic apical periodontitis 3) Acute apical abscess 4) Irreversible pulpitis A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct D) Only answer 4 is correct E) All of the answers are correct

Answer 55

ANSWER D) Only answer 4 is correct EXPLANATION Acute periapical periodontitis, chronic apical periodontitis, and acute apical abscess are pathological changes of the periapical space/area.

Question 56

FOG - 68 Which are the following requires emergency dental care? 1) Irreversible pulpitis 2) Acute apical periodontitis 3) Acure apical abscess 4) Postextraction bleeding A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct D) Only answer 4 is correct E) All of the answers are correct

Answer 56

ANSWER E) All of the answers are correct EXPLANATION The pain, bleeding, and acute inflammations require immediate dental intervention so these belong to emergency dental care.

Question 57

FOG-69-72 Match the following. A) patient with a pacemaker B) spot baldness C) both of them D) none of them FOG - 69 - Root canal treatment should be considered FOG - 70 - Antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended one hour before tooth extraction FOG - 71 - Can be focal disease FOG - 72 - An ultrasonic scaler can not be used

Answer 57

ANSWER FOG - 69 - Root canal treatment should be considered - B) FOG - 70 - Antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended one hour before tooth extraction - D) FOG - 71 - Can be focal disease - B) FOG - 72 - An ultrasonic scaler can not be used - A)

Question 58

FOG-73-76 Match the following. A) enamel B) dentin C) both of them D) none of them FOG - 73 - Unable for reparation. FOG - 74 - Contains hidroxyapatit. FOG - 75 - Tubular structured tissue shows a vital reaction. FOG - 76 - Produced by Odontoblasts.

Answer 58

ANSWER FOG - 73 - Unable for reparation. - A) FOG - 74 - Contains hidroxyapatit. - C) FOG - 75 - Tubular structured tissue shows a vital reaction. - B) FOG - 76 - Produced by Odontoblasts. - B)

Question 59

FOG - 77 Macroscopic material shortages form in the enamel in the case of superficial caries, thus as a result of the microorganism penetration into the dental tubules the demineralization is reduced. A) both are correct, there is a causal relationship between them B) both are correct, but there is no causal relationship between them C) the first is correct in itself, but the second is wrong D) the first is wrong, the second is correct in itself E) both are wrong

Answer 59

ANSWER C) the first is correct in itself, but the second is wrong EXPLANATION The demineralization is increased due to the cavity in the enamel.

Question 60

FOG - 78 Dental focal infections have to be eradicated before organ transplantation because every dental caries is a potential dental focal infection. A) both are correct, there is a causal relationship between them B) both are correct, but there is no causal relationship between them C) the first is correct in itself, but the second is wrong D) the first is wrong, the second is correct in itself E) both are wrong

Answer 60

ANSWER C) the first is correct in itself, but the second is wrong EXPLANATION Before organ transplantation, the patient has to be dental focal infection-free. The caries that have not reached the pulp (and located supragingival) is not a dental focal infection

Question 61

FOG - 79 The dentist can save time with chair-side CAD/CAM systems because the systems do not have a learning curve A) both are correct, there is a causal relationship between them B) both are correct, but there is no causal relationship between them C) the first is correct in itself, but the second is wrong D) the first is wrong, the second is correct in itself E) both are wrong

Answer 61

ANSWER C) the first is correct in itself, but the second is wrong EXPLANATION The chair-side CAD/CAM systems are expensive equipment that accelerates the time of producing some dental restorations. Learning every new technology has a learning curve.

Question 62

FOG - 80 Antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended for every patient before endodontic treatment because the risk of infective endocarditis can be reduced this way. A) both are correct, there is a causal relationship between them B) both are correct, but there is no causal relationship between them C) the first is correct in itself, but the second is wrong D) the first is wrong, the second is correct in itself E) both are wrong

Answer 62

ANSWER D) the first is wrong, the second is correct in itself EXPLANATION Antibiotic prophylaxis is needed only if there is a high risk for infective endocarditis (for example artificial heart valve).

Question 63

FOG - 81 Examination before endodontic treatment bitewing X-rays are done because with these X-rays it can be examined the approximal surfaces. A) both are correct, there is a causal relationship between them B) both are correct, but there is no causal relationship between them C) the first is correct in itself, but the second is wrong D) the first is wrong, the second is correct in itself E) both are wrong

Answer 63

ANSWER D) the first is wrong, the second is correct in itself EXPLANATION Periapical X-rays are done related to endodontic treatments because we need information about the condition of the roots and the surrounding tissues. With bitewing X-rays, the approximal caries can be examined.

Question 64

FOG - 82 In the prodromal phase, of this disease upper respiratory infection (catarrh) appears before the development of oral symptoms A) Gingivostomatitis herpetica B) Necrotizing gingivitis C) Streptococcal gingivitis D) Mikulicz aphthae E) Allergic stomatitis

Answer 64

ANSWER A) Gingivostomatitis herpetica EXPLANATION The primer gingivostomatitis herpetica is typical in 2-6-year-old children and comes with blisters that burst in 24 hours leaving painful erosions and ulcers. The parents report that before the oral symptoms, the child went through upper respiratory catarrh.

Question 65

FOG - 83 The Nikolsky’s sign is positive in this case: A) Lichenoid reaction B) Pemphigus vulgaris C) Bullous pemphigoid D) Leukoplakia simplex E) Naevus vulgaris

Answer 65

ANSWER B) Pemphigus vulgaris EXPLANATION The Nikolsky’s sign on the skin is an important factor in the differential diagnosis in the case of Pemphigus vulgaris and Bullous pemphigoid. In the case of Pemphigus vulgaris and benign mucous pemphigoid are positive.

Question 66

FOG - 84 Desquamative gingivitis can be the part of the following disease(s): A) Pemphigus vulgaris B) Lichen planus C) Bullous pemphigoid D) Erythema multiforme E) All of them

Answer 66

ANSWER E) All of them EXPLANATION In 75% desquamative gingivitis is the oral manifestation of skin disease in the case of. 84% of these diseases are patients with Lichen planus and Pemphigoid.

Question 67

FOG - 85 Not typical for herpes simplex virus infection: A) accompanied by a high fever B) small vesiculas may appear intraorally C) herpes zoster may develop upon a second infection with the virus D) painful E) sometimes cause lesions in the genitals

Answer 67

ANSWER C) herpes zoster may develop upon a second infection with the virus EXPLANATION The herpes zoster (part of the herpes viruses) develops in patients with previous varicella infection when they contact with the virus again.

Question 68

FOG - 86 The differential diagnosis of this lesion: applying pressure on the affected area with a glass sheet because the lesion is pale for the pressure: A) naevus B) Kaposi sarcoma C) amalgam tattoo D) haemangioma E) melanoma

Answer 68

ANSWER D) haemangioma EXPLANATION The haemangioma is pale for pressure because from the veins that form the tumor the blood is pressed out.

Question 69

FOG - 87 Not specific for necrotizing sialometaplasia: A) the clinical manifestation is similar to a malignant tumor, it can destroy the palate B) the histology mimics a malignant tumor, necrosis of the salivary glands, and squamous metaplasia on the ductus are visible. C) the lesion needs to be removed D) it is not painful E) may relapse

Answer 69

ANSWER C) the lesion needs to be removed EXPLANATION The necrotizing sialometaplasia mimics the histology and clinical manifestation of malignant tumors. It is an ulcerated lesion that can destroy the palate but is not painful, the removal is not needed because under 10-12 weeks it heals itself. It can relapse.

Question 70

FOG - 88 Oral symptoms related to Crohn’s disease 1) Pyostomatitis vegetans 2) Stomatitis gangrenosa (Noma) 3) Cobblestonening of the oral mucosa 4) Vesiculas on one side due to Varicella zoster virus A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct D) Only answer 4 is correct E) All of the answers are correct

Answer 70

ANSWER A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct EXPLANATION In Crohn’s disease patients have oral symptoms in 10-20%. The buccal mucosa is affected with oedematous and hypertrophic or granulomatous lesions with or without ulcers. The first three answers are correct.

Question 71

FOG - 89 It is true for the etiology of atherosclerosis: 1) The incidence of atherosclerosis is twice as high in patients with chronic periodontitis. 2) There is no relation between the oral inflammations and atherosclerosis 3) The Porphyromonas gingivalis has an important role in endothel damage in vessels. 4) Only focal infections play a role in the development of atherosclerosis. A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct D) Only answer 4 is correct E) All of the answers are correct

Answer 71

ANSWER B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct EXPLANATION The inflammation is an independent risk factor of atherosclerosis. There are several mechanisms when the bacteria of the dental plaque initiates or worsens atherosclerosis like congenital immune activity, dental treatment, or everyday activities (brushing, chewing, etc.) through bacteremia, the effect of mediators, cytokine, and heat shock protein activated by antigens of the dental plaque.

Question 72

FOG - 90 Oral manifestation of oral pemphigus vulgaris 1) Blisters appear on the bucca, tongue, palate, and gingiva 2) Solitery ulcers on the vestibular oral mucosa 3) Long-lasting ulcers with remaining depapilled area after healing on the back of the tongue. 4) Hairy tongue A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct D) Only answer 4 is correct E) All of the answers are correct

Answer 72

ANSWER B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct EXPLANATION In 70% of the cases the disease starts on the oral mucosa, and the whole area is affected. The blisters burst and spread quickly, leaving behind painful erosions.

Question 73

FOG - 91 Which oral mucosal changes are caused by the oncogenic human papillomavirus? 1) Verruca 2) Kaposi sarcoma 3) Papilloma 4) Fibroma A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct D) Only answer 4 is correct E) All of the answers are correct

Answer 73

ANSWER B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct EXPLANATION The human papillomavirus can cause papilloma, verruca and condyloma on the oral mucosa. The condyloma appears mainly on the genitals. The Kaposi sarcoma is caused by the herpes virus and the fibroma is not related to infections.

Question 74

FOG - 92 Belong(s) to the potential malignant diseases: 1) Oral submucous fibrosis 2) Lichen ruber planus 3) Candidal leukoplakia 4) Erythematous candidiasis A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct D) Only answer 4 is correct E) All of the answers are correct

Answer 74

ANSWER A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct EXPLANATION Explanations: Oral submucous fibrosis is a progressive disease with inflammation, the chance of carcinogen transformation is 10-15%.Hyperplastic candidiasis or candida leukoplakia causes epithelial dysplasia and the autoimmune-related lichen ruber planus are premalignant diseases. Az erythematous candidiasis is not a malignant disease.

Question 75

FOG - 93 True for actinic cheilitis: 1) Caused by chronic herpes infection 2) The affected patients have to use UV protection cream in winter as well. 3) Only an aesthetic problem 4) It is associated with dry and cracked lips A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct D) Only answer 4 is correct E) All of the answers are correct

Answer 75

ANSWER C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct EXPLANATION The actinic cheilitis is a chronic inflammation mainly caused by UV radiation. It is associated with dryness and enhanced keratosis, it is a premalignant lesion. The lips have to be protected from UV radiation, so the affected patients have to use sun cream in winter as well.

Question 76

FOG-94-97 Match the following. A) necrotizing gingivitis B) acute leukemia C) both of them D) none of them FOG - 94 - Ulcers on the gingiva are spread to the deeper layers FOG - 95 - The ulcers are always surrounded by an inflammatory border FOG - 96 - The main symptoms are ulcers, bleeding, and gingival hyperplasia FOG - 97 - Viral origin disease

Answer 76

ANSWER FOG - 94 - Ulcers on the gingiva are spread to the deeper layers - B) In the case of necrotizing gingivitis the spreading of the ulcers is superficial, but in acute leukemia, the ulcers appear on the marginal gingiva and reach deeper layers. FOG - 95 - The ulcers are always surrounded by an inflammatory border - A) In the case of necrotizing gingivitis the ulcers are surrounded by red borders, in acute leukemia this is not typical due to the white blood cell deficiency. FOG - 96 - The main symptoms are ulcers, bleeding, and gingival hyperplasia - B) The symptoms of necrotizing gingivitis are ulcers covered with grayish-white pseudomembrane on the gingival margin and papilla destruction on the buccal side of front and molar teeth, while in acute leukemia mostly gingival hyperplasia due to cellular infiltration, bleeding, petechias, ulcers are observable. FOG - 97 - Viral origin disease - D) None of them. The necrotizing gingivitis has a bacterial origin, mostly Fusobacterias periodontal pathogen bacterias are in the plaque. Easily mistake it with the gingivostomatitis herpetica which has viral origin.

Question 77

FOG-100-99 Match the following. A) typical for an oral lichen planus (lichen ruber planus) B) typical for the lichenoid reaction of the oral mucosa C) both of them D) none of them FOG - 98 - here are whiteish, lacy spots with or without inflammatory areas on the oral mucosa. FOG - 99 - Systematic autoimmune disease is the background of the illness. FOG - 100 - Premalignant lesion FOG - 101 - It is treated with acidic solutions (depicter) which dissolve the hyperkeratotic layer.

Answer 77

ANSWER FOG - 98 - here are whiteish, lacy spots with or without inflammatory areas on the oral mucosa. - C) In both cases hyperkeratosis is formed due to the chronic inflammation in the subepithelium that provocates the epithelium. FOG - 99 - Systematic autoimmune disease is the background of the illness. - A) The oral lichen planus is the symptom of an autoimmune disease, it is a T cell-mediated immune response. The lichenoid reaction is caused by local irritative factors, galvanism, allergy, drug side effects, etc. FOG - 100 - Premalignant lesion - A) Sometimes the oral lichen planus can go through a malignant transformation due to the lack of defensiveness of the mucosa against carcinogeneic factors. The lichenoid reaction is not a typical premalignant lesion, but long-term chronic irritation can increase the risk of malignant transformation. FOG - 101 - It is treated with acidic solutions (depicter) which dissolve the hyperkeratotic layer. - D) This type of drug is not used in the treatment. In both cases the improvement of oral hygiene is important. Local steroids have a good effect on oral lichen planus. In the case of lichenoid reaction exploring and treating the origin of the lesion is the most important.

Question 78

FOG - 102 The benzodiazepines are contraindicated in Sjörgren-syndrome, because the long-term usage of benzodiazepines decreases saliva secretion. A) both are correct, there is a causal relationship between them B) both are correct, but there is no causal relationship between them C) the first is correct in itself, but the second is wrong D) the first is wrong, the second is correct in itself E) both are wrong

Answer 78

ANSWER D) the first is wrong, the second is correct in itself EXPLANATION The benzodiazepines are not absolute contraindications in Sjörgren-syndrome, but long-term usage indeed reduces the saliva secretion.

Question 79

FOG - 103 The iron absorption is disturbed in the inflammatory bowel disease, so these patients may have atrophic glossitis, burning mouth syndrome, angular cheilitis, and ulcers as a result of iron deficiency anemia. A) both are correct, there is a causal relationship between them B) both are correct, but there is no causal relationship between them C) the first is correct in itself, but the second is wrong D) the first is wrong, the second is correct in itself E) both are wrong

Answer 79

ANSWER A) both are correct, there is a causal relationship between them EXPLANATION The absorption of iron, folic acid, and B-12 vitamin is decreased so this symptom can appear due to the developing iron deficiency anemia.

Question 80

FOG - 104 In the most common form of oral candida whiteish plaques are shown that can often be wiped off, because there are local and systematic immune deficiencies in the background of oral candida infection. A) both are correct, there is a causal relationship between them B) both are correct, but there is no causal relationship between them C) the first is correct in itself, but the second is wrong D) the first is wrong, the second is correct in itself E) both are wrong

Answer 80

ANSWER D) the first is wrong, the second is correct in itself EXPLANATION The oral candida is mainly chronic progress and shows erythemic and atrophic mucosa, not white plaque. The Candida microorganisms are opportunist yeasts and can appear in the oral cavity if some local factor, inflammation, steroid usage, radiotherapy, or improper denture worsen the defensiveness of the oral mucosa or in the case of systematic immune deficiency.

Question 81

FOG - 105 The proliferative verrucous leukoplakia has developed an increasingly large area, polimorf, and has high malignant transformation potential, because the main reason for the disease is the high concentration of the carcinogen irritative substances in the oral cavity due to heavy smoking. A) both are correct, there is a causal relationship between them B) both are correct, but there is no causal relationship between them C) the first is correct in itself, but the second is wrong D) the first is wrong, the second is correct in itself E) both are wrong

Answer 81

ANSWER C) the first is correct in itself, but the second is wrong EXPLANATION The proliferative verrucous leukoplakia is spread progressively in a large area on oral mucosa with inhomogenous, Verrucosus areas and erythroplakia. The potential of the malignant transformation is very high, nearly 100%. It is not the most common in the leukoplakia risk groups. It has been described most commonly among elderly, non-smoking women.

Question 82

FOG - 106 The aphtha is a disease of young and middle-aged patients, therefore if it develops in elders especially multiple times, in recurrent form an underlying systematic disease can be considered. A) both are correct, there is a causal relationship between them B) both are correct, but there is no causal relationship between them C) the first is correct in itself, but the second is wrong D) the first is wrong, the second is correct in itself E) both are wrong

Answer 82

ANSWER A) both are correct, there is a causal relationship between them EXPLANATION The aphtha is developing in young, non-smoking patients on the non-keratinized, non-movable oral mucosa. If it develops in elders especially multiple times, in recurrent form an underlying systematic disease can be considered like ulcerative colitis.

Question 83

FOG - 107 What is the reason for the gingival hyperplasia in leukemia? A) tumor cell infiltration B) reactive fibrosis C) haemangioma D) capillary rigidity E) none of them

Answer 83

ANSWER A) tumor cell infiltration EXPLANATION The early sign of leukemia is papilla enlargement, the papilla bleeding easily for touching. It is caused by tumor cell infiltration

Question 84

FOG - 108 Treatment of pregnancy gingivitis: A) gingival plastic surgery B) local Klion (metronidazole) treatment C) broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment D) keeping enhanced oral hygiene E) none of them

Answer 84

ANSWER D) keeping enhanced oral hygiene EXPLANATION In pregnancy, due to hormonal changes gingivitis appears physiologically, and completely resolves after lactation. Treatment with medication is impractical, the surgery is disadvantageous. With enhanced oral hygiene further infections can be prevented, and this state can be kept in balance.

Question 85

FOG - 109 In infective endocarditis the A. actinomycetemcomitans cause infection rather than the S. sanguis. Which features of the bacteria can cause endothel damage and what can prove the presence of it? A) it can attach to any kind of tissue in no specific way B) penetrate in the epithelial and endothelial cells C) it can form a colony on the damaged endocardium D) the anti-A-A antibody titer is higher in patients with cardiovascular disease E) all the four statements are true

Answer 85

ANSWER E) all the four statements are true EXPLANATION AA. can attach to any kind of tissue in a non-specific way, penetrate the epithelial and endothelial cells, and form a colony on the damaged endocardium surface. AA is evincible in the intima of the carotid artery and the anti-AA antibody titer is higher in patients with oronary sclerosis.

Question 86

FOG - 110What does it mean that the bacterial plaque is a real biofilm? A) it covers the teeth in a thin layer supra and subgingivally like a film B) only a strong water jet can remove it C) this is formed by aerobic and anaerobic bacteria D) microbiome forms on non-renewable surfaces in a wet environment E) bacterial aggregation on the exfoliated epithelial cell which always renews and the surface is covered by periodontal pathogenic bacteria

Answer 86

ANSWER D) microbiome forms on non-renewable surfaces in a wet environment EXPLANATION Bacterial biofilm only forms on non-renewable surfaces. On intact epithelial surfaces, biofilm is not formed because the ongoing desquamation inhibits the process. On non-renewable surfaces in a wet environment bacterial community with symbiosis can be formed which is very resistant to antibiotics and disinfactants. Physiologically in the body, only the tooth surface is this kind of surface. The iatrogenic surfaces like restorations, dental implants, artificial valves, and endoprostheses can be named here. Microbiomes that are very resistant to antibiotics and disinfectants and can be only damaged/removed mechanically.

Question 87

FOG - 111 What are the common risk factors in stage III/IV periodontitis, preterm birth, and cardiovascular diseases? A) social situation B) genetic and familial background C) diabetes D) smoking E) all of them

Answer 87

ANSWER E) all of them EXPLANATION Stage III/IV periodontitis, preterm birth, and cardiovascular diseases are multifactorial diseases with a lot of common risk factors like smoking, bad social situations, uncontrolled DM II, and genetically determined susceptive.

Question 88

FOG - 112 The aim of periodontal maintenance therapy (tertiary prevention): A) control of patients with previous periodontitis B) provide regular control and mechanical professional plaque control and periodontal status records for patients with previous periodontitis C) periodic dental instruction D) periodic record of the periodontal status and indexes E) none of them

Answer 88

ANSWER B) provide regular control and mechanical professional plaque control and periodontal status records for patients with previous periodontitis EXPLANATION The aim is the regular control and mechanical professional plaque control, periodontal status records, instruction, and restoration quality check for patients with previous periodontal treatments healed from periodontitis.

Question 89

FOG - 113 The following medication(s) can cause gingival hyperplasia: 1) major tranquilizers 2) penicillin derivations 3) minor tranquilizers 4) Ca- antagonists A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct D) Only answer 4 is correct E) All of the answers are correct

Answer 89

ANSWER D) Only answer 4 is correct EXPLANATION Nowadays some drugs can cause gingival hyperplasia: ca-antagonists, cyclosporin, long long-term use of hydantoin derivations that are used in the treatment of epilepsy. Today the hydantoin derivations are less used. More and more patients who went through organ transplantation get cyclosporin derivations, but the number of ca-antagonist users is higher, so the number of gingival hyperplasia has increased as well.

Question 90

FOG - 114 What evidence proves that juvenile periodontitis is genetically related? 1) according to family tree examinations severe juvenile periodontitis is only 1-2% of the average population when in some families can reach 50% 2) according to twin studies the extent of manifestation is genetically related in the case of 50% 3) some inherited diseases come with very aggressive juvenile periodontitis 4) some ethnicities like white Asians are more susceptive than Afro-Americans. A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct D) Only answer 4 is correct E) All of the answers are correct

Answer 90

ANSWER A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct EXPLANATION More family tree and twin studies have confirmed the family accumulation of severe juvenile periodontitis and the genetic background plays a big role according to these studies. Based on USA twin studies in the manifestation of chronic periodontitis the genetic background plays a role in 50% even in twins who were raised far from each other. The prevalence of juvenile periodontitis is between 0.16-2.4 % but in some families reached 40-50% according to an American study from 1994. In the black population is ten times more common than among white people. Very early aggressive periodontitis is an important symptom in inherited mainly white cell diseases.

Question 91

FOG - 115 What is the effect of smoking on the periodontium and postoperative wound healing? 1) decreased marginal gingivitis 2) increased attachment loss and lack of healing ability 3) the success of the implantation surgery is not predictable 4) the lifespan of dental implants is shorter and the incidence of peri-implant complications is higher A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct D) Only answer 4 is correct E) All of the answers are correct

Answer 91

ANSWER E) All of the answers are correct EXPLANATION In heavy smokers the marginal gingivitis is decreased, and the chance for ulcers is increased due to the bad circulation. The extent of attachment loss is increased. After periodontal surgeries, the healing and the regenerative ability are worse, and the complication and survival rates of dental implants are higher.

Question 92

FOG - 116 What is the result of systematic antibiotic therapy in chronic periodontitis? 1) the mechanical plaque control and the mechanical plaque control combined with antibiotic therapy give the same outcome 2) only the mechanical plaque control is effective, this is the gold standard 3) the mechanical cleaning has to precede the antibiotic therapy, or it can be applied together, but the antibiotic is not indicated 4) it is proved that systematic antibiotic therapy as monotherapy is effective in the treatment of periodontitis A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct D) Only answer 4 is correct E) All of the answers are correct

Answer 92

ANSWER A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct EXPLANATION The mechanical cleaning has to precede the antibiotic therapy, or it can be applied together, but the antibiotic is not always indicated. It is proved that mechanical plaque control and mechanical plaque control combined with antibiotic therapy give the same outcome. There is no evidence that systematic antibiotic therapy as monotherapy is effective in the treatment of periodontitis. Nowadays mechanical plaque control is the gold standard in periodontitis treatment.

Question 93

FOG - 117 What is true for the acute gingivostomatitis herpetica? 1) contagious in an early childhood 2) life-long immunity is not always form 3) comes with high fever and agony 4) on the gingiva, a bucca, lips, and the tongue intraepithelial vesicles appear A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct D) Only answer 4 is correct E) All of the answers are correct

Answer 93

ANSWER E) All of the answers are correct EXPLANATION The acute gingivostomatitis herpetica is a vesiculobullous disease in early childhood mainly before 6 years old. Contagious in the children's community, comes with high fever, agony, and enlargement of the submandibular lymph nodes. Life-long immunity is not always formed, in the case of recidivation as intraoral, labial, or perioral herpes can be formed.

Question 94

FOG - 118 Predisposing factors of acute necrotizing gingivitis (acute gingivitis ulcerosa)? 1) stress 2) poor general health 3) smoking 4) inherited family background A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct D) Only answer 4 is correct E) All of the answers are correct

Answer 94

ANSWER A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct EXPLANATION Acute necrotizing gingivitis is caused by the accumulated dental plaque the flora contains mainly fusospirochetal bacteria, but other factors can play an important role as well like poor general health, smoking, and stress. Family or genetic predisposition is not detected, this acute inflammation is related to the lifestyle.

Question 95

FOG-119-122 Match the following. A) pregnancy gingivitis B) acute necrotizing gingivitis (acute gingivitis ulcerosa) C) both of them D) none of them FOG - 119 - reestablish the oral hygiene can cure this disease FOG - 120 - theoretically can form without the presence of dental plaque FOG - 121 - the microembolization in the gingival vessels plays a role in the progress FOG - 122 - if it is not treated in time, healing with remaining tissue necrosis, defect

Answer 95

ANSWER FOG - 119 - reestablish the oral hygiene can cure this disease - C) The pregnancy hormones with the presence of dental plaque can increase the gingivitis intensity because the estrogen-progesterone level increases the capillary permeability and the gingival inflammation tendency. Acute necrotizing gingivitis is related to dental plaque, in the patomechanism the immune complex reaction plays an important role which is responsible for the marginal gingiva necrosis. The marginal gingival precapillary arterioles are end arterioles without collateral circulation during the immune complex reaction microthrombus closes the arterioles which leads to necrosis. If this is not treated then it can lead to irreversible gingiva necrosis. Both can be curable with plaque control started on time. FOG - 120 - theoretically can form without the presence of dental plaque - D) The pregnancy hormones with the presence of dental plaque can increase the gingivitis intensity because the estrogen-progesterone level increases the capillary permeability and the gingival inflammation tendency. Acute necrotizing gingivitis is related to dental plaque, in the patomechanism the immune complex reaction plays an important role which is responsible for the marginal gingiva necrosis. The marginal gingival precapillary arterioles are end arterioles without collateral circulation during the immune complex reaction microthrombus closes the arterioles which leads to necrosis. If this is not treated then it can lead to irreversible gingiva necrosis. Both can be curable with plaque control started on time. FOG - 121 - the microembolization in the gingival vessels plays a role in the progress - B) The pregnancy hormones with the presence of dental plaque can increase the gingivitis intensity because the estrogen-progesterone level increases the capillary permeability and the gingival inflammation tendency. Acute necrotizing gingivitis is related to dental plaque, in the patomechanism the immune complex reaction plays an important role which is responsible for the marginal gingiva necrosis. The marginal gingival precapillary arterioles are end arterioles without collateral circulation during the immune complex reaction microthrombus closes the arterioles which leads to necrosis. If this is not treated then it can lead to irreversible gingiva necrosis. Both can be curable with plaque control started on time. FOG - 122 - if it is not treated in time, healing with remaining tissue necrosis, defect - B) The pregnancy hormones with the presence of dental plaque can increase the gingivitis intensity because the estrogen-progesterone level increases the capillary permeability and the gingival inflammation tendency. Acute necrotizing gingivitis is related to dental plaque, in the patomechanism the immune complex reaction plays an important role which is responsible for the marginal gingiva necrosis. The marginal gingival precapillary arterioles are end arterioles without collateral circulation during the immune complex reaction microthrombus closes the arterioles which leads to necrosis. If this is not treated then it can lead to irreversible gingiva necrosis. Both can be curable with plaque control started on time

Question 96

FOG-123-126Match the following. A) plaque-induced gingivitis B) chronic periodontitis C) both of them D) none of them FOG - 123 - The diagnosis-based treatment plan is always used. FOG - 124 - Surgical treatment of the periodontal pockets is part of the treatment plan. FOG - 125 - Patient cooperation is important in the therapy. FOG - 126 - Removal of the subkingival calculus is not indicated in the treatment.

Answer 96

ANSWER FOG - 123 - The diagnosis-based treatment plan is always used. - C) Not every patient needs all the possible therapy, but eliminating the dental biofilm is essential. The diagnosis-related treatment plan is always made. In gingivitis, the I. therapy phase is enough. In the case of chronic periodontitis from the II. surgical phase regenerative or mucogingival surgery is not needed in most cases. In serious cases, the patients have to go through all the possible periodontal treatments for the satisfying and long-lasting results. The cooperation of the patient is essential. FOG - 124 - Surgical treatment of the periodontal pockets is part of the treatment plan. - B) Not every patient needs all the possible therapy, but eliminating the dental biofilm is essential. The diagnosis-related treatment plan is always made. In gingivitis, the I. therapy phase is enough. In the case of chronic periodontitis from the II. surgical phase regenerative or mucogingival surgery is not needed in most cases. In serious cases, the patients have to go through all the possible periodontal treatments for the satisfying and long-lasting results. The cooperation of the patient is essential. FOG - 125 - Patient cooperation is important in the therapy. - C) Not every patient needs all the possible therapy, but eliminating the dental biofilm is essential. The diagnosis-related treatment plan is always made. In gingivitis, the I. therapy phase is enough. In the case of chronic periodontitis from the II. surgical phase regenerative or mucogingival surgery is not needed in most cases. In serious cases, the patients have to go through all the possible periodontal treatments for the satisfying and long-lasting results. The cooperation of the patient is essential. FOG - 126 - Removal of the subkingival calculus is not indicated in the treatment. - D) Not every patient needs all the possible therapy, but eliminating the dental biofilm is essential. The diagnosis-related treatment plan is always made. In gingivitis, the I. therapy phase is enough. In the case of chronic periodontitis from the II. surgical phase regenerative or mucogingival surgery is not needed in most cases. In serious cases, the patients have to go through all the possible periodontal treatments for the satisfying and long-lasting results. The cooperation of the patient is essential.

Question 97

FOG - 127 Regular and effective plaque control is the most important step in periodontal treatment BECAUSE the removal of the dental plaque can prevent the form of the mature biofilm. A) both are correct, there is a causal relationship between them B) both are correct, but there is no causal relationship between them C) the first is correct in itself, but the second is wrong D) the first is wrong, the second is correct in itself E) both are wrong

Answer 97

ANSWER A) both are correct, there is a causal relationship between them EXPLANATION The reason for the inflammatory periodontal diseases is the mature, well-organized dental biofilm thus regular and effective plaque control is the most important step in periodontal treatment. The regular removal of dental plaque can prevent the dental plaque reach that thickness which can form biofilm with independent life characteristics. This is why the cause-effect relation is between the two statements.

Question 98

FOG - 128 The deep periodontal pocket contains pathogenic anaerobic bacteria, THUS periodontitis is a -more or less scientifically proven- risk factor for atherosclerosis and atherosclerosis-related diseases like heart attack and stroke. A) both are correct, there is a causal relationship between them B) both are correct, but there is no causal relationship between them C) the first is correct in itself, but the second is wrong D) the first is wrong, the second is correct in itself E) both are wrong

Answer 98

ANSWER A) both are correct, there is a causal relationship between them EXPLANATION It is proven that in severe destructive periodontitis and local and generalized periodontitis, there are real bacterial invasions. From the gingiva bacteria and bacterial metabolic products can enter the bloodstream directly which can provoke vessel-endothelial inflammatory response far from the focus point causing atherosclerosis which might lead to embolic diseases.

Question 99

FOG - 129 The reason for non-inflammatory deep gingiva ulceration and periodontal necrosis associated with agranulocytosis is the missing or decreased number of functioning PMN leukocytes, so this process is plaque-related necrosis and can be treated with plaque removal or local/systematic antibiotic treatment. A) both are correct, there is a causal relationship between them B) both are correct, but there is no causal relationship between them C) the first is correct in itself, but the second is wrong D) the first is wrong, the second is correct in itself E) both are wrong

Answer 99

ANSWER A) both are correct, there is a causal relationship between them EXPLANATION The marginal periodontium is defenseless against the plaque bacteria if the functioning PMN leukocytes are missing. These conditions are agranulocytosis or sometimes acute paramyeloblastic leukemia. The necrosis is caused by the dental plaque bacteria through their proteolytic enzymes so plaque removal, local therapy, or systematic antibiotics can help the local condition, but real treatment is controlling the underlying disease.

Question 100

FOG - 130 Periodontitis is an infective type of chronic inflammation caused by plaque bacteria, so all the classic Koch’s postulates are true for periodontitis as well. A) both are correct, there is a causal relationship between them B) both are correct, but there is no causal relationship between them C) the first is correct in itself, but the second is wrong D) the first is wrong, the second is correct in itself E) both are wrong

Answer 100

ANSWER C) the first is correct in itself, but the second is wrong EXPLANATION Periodontitis is an infective type, of chronic inflammation caused by plaque bacteria but the development of the disease is caused by the normal oral bacterial flora. External pathogen infection is just involved in the progress in a few cases and proportion. Periodontitis is an opportunist infection, not all the Koch’s postulates are true obviously on periodontitis.

Question 101

FOG - 131 The defensive mechanisms of the PMN leukocytes in the gingiva’s connective tissue come with lysosomal enzyme release that directly damages the gingiva’s connective tissue, so the inhibition of the PMN leukocyta functions (neutropenia) have protective roles in the gingiva. A) both are correct, there is a causal relationship between them B) both are correct, but there is no causal relationship between them C) the first is correct in itself, but the second is wrong D) the first is wrong, the second is correct in itself E) both are wrong

Answer 101

ANSWER C) the first is correct in itself, but the second is wrong EXPLANATION The defensive mechanisms of the PMN leukocytes in the gingiva’s connective tissue come with lysosomal enzyme release that directly damages the gingiva’s connective tissue. However, the leukocyte function inhibition (granulopenia) is not protective at all. If the defensiveness is missing gingival necrosis and very serious periodontal symptoms can occur through the bacterial invasion. Very serious periodontal symptoms can be seen in patients with PMN leukocyte deficiencies (agranulocytosis, cyclic agranulocytosis, leukemia, Costman syndrome, LAD I, etc.).

Question 102

FOG - 132 The action of the local anesthetics is not dependent on: A) the extent of the anesthetic’s protein binding B) the concentration of the local anesthetic C) the anesthetic’s effect on the blood vessel D) the lipid solubility of the local anesthetic E) all the answers are true

Answer 102

ANSWER D) the lipid solubility of the local anesthetic EXPLANATION The action of the local anesthetics depends on the extent of the protein binding, concentration, and the effects on the blood vessels. The potency depends on the lipid solubility and the dissociation constant. The latency times depend on the lipid solubility, the dissociation constant, and the technique of the anesthesia. The toxicity depends on the rate of degradation (metabolization).

Question 103

FOG - 133 What is the immediate intervention in the case of hyperventilation syndrome? A) Giving oxygen B) Calm the patient, encouraging for slow breathing C) Call for an ambulance car D) Starting of cardiopulmonary resuscitation E) All of the answers are true

Answer 103

ANSWER B) Calm the patient, encouraging for slow breathing EXPLANATION The hyperventilation syndrome is a self-reinforcing process related to emotional impact. Not only the distress but also the symptoms triggered fear and shock leading to hyperventilation. The first thing to do is to calm the patient, provide a calm environment, and eliminate the trigger of the onset. Sit or lay down the patient, and encourage them to steady breathing they can breathe with their hands in front of their mouth.

Question 104

FOG - 134 Which statement is true? A) Hemophilia is a dominantly inherited disease, that manifests in boys. B) Hemophilia is a dominantly inherited disease, that manifests in girls. C) Haemophilia is a recessively inherited disease, that manifests in boys. D) Haemophilia is a recessively inherited disease, that manifests in girls E) None of them are true

Answer 104

ANSWER C) Haemophilia is a recessively inherited disease, that manifests in boys. EXPLANATION Magyarázat: The women are carriers, which disease manifests in men are recessively inherited.

Question 105

FOG - 135 What is not true for venous thrombosis? A) It is caused by coagulation factor deficiency B) Improper circulation, stasis sets in, and the composition of the blood changes. C) Treated with platelet aggregating inhibitor (PAI). D) The most common symptom is the pulmonary embolia. E) It the treatment the proper nutrition is very important.

Answer 105

ANSWER C) Treated with platelet aggregating inhibitor (PAI). EXPLANATION No, these patients have anticoagulant therapy. General practitioners (family doctors) are mistaken about this regularly.

Question 106

FOG - 136 It can be true for phlegmon (cellulitis) which starts from upper teeth: A) spread towards the skull B) spreads below the temporal muscle C) spreads in the parapharyngeal region D) spreads in the mediastinuma mediastinumba történő terjedés E) all of them are true

Answer 106

ANSWER E) all of them are true EXPLANATION The phlegmon (cellulitis) starts from the upper teeth and can spread to the skull toward the retrotuberal area, below the temporal muscle, and to the mediastinum between the medial pterygoid and pharyngeal muscles.

Question 107

FOG - 137 Important diagnostic tool to detect the inflammation of the neck-head region: A) clinical examination B) X-ray C) CT D) Ultrasound E) All of them

Answer 107

ANSWER E) All of them EXPLANATION In the diagnosis of the inflammation of the neck-head area the clinical examination, X-ray, CT, and Ultrasound examination are important.

Question 108

FOG - 138 What are the symptoms of the hypertensive crisis? 1) Strong headache 2) Angina pectoris 3) Tinnitus 4) Consciousness disturbance A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct D) Only answer 4 is correct E) All of the answers are correct

Answer 108

ANSWER E) All of the answers are correct EXPLANATION The symptoms of the hypertensive crisis are strong headache, dizziness, flushed face, visual disturbance, tinnitus, tachycardia, dyspnoea, angina pectoris, heart attack, acute left cardiac insufficiency, oliguria, haematuria, proteinuria.

Question 109

FOG - 139 Which one is false in the case of phlegmon (cellulitis)? 1) it spreads in the spatiums 2) life-threatening condition 3) it comes with septic fever 4) hospitalization is not necessary A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct D) Only answer 4 is correct E) All of the answers are correct

Answer 109

ANSWER D) Only answer 4 is correct EXPLANATION Phlegmon (cellulitis) is a life-threatening condition where the inflammation is spread in the spatiums. Hospitalization is always needed. The affected spatiums are excavated with multiple wide incisions and drained and IV antibiotic therapy is started. The symptoms are septic fever, extensive edema, pain, trismus, and enervation.

Question 110

FOG - 140 Secondary focal diseases are: 1) endocarditis lenta 2) alopecia areata (spot baldness) 3) iridocyclitis 4) glomerulonephritis A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct D) Only answer 4 is correct E) All of the answers are correct

Answer 110

ANSWER E) All of the answers are correct EXPLANATION The tonsils, sinuses, adnexa, prostate, and dental focal infections (necrotized tooth, tooth with periapical lesion) are primary focal diseases that can cause secondary focal diseases like internal diseases (carditis, nephritis), rheumatological diseases (polyarthritis), eye diseases (uveitis, iridocyclitis) skin diseases (alopecia areata, eczema), neurological diseases (neuritis).

Question 111

FOG - 141 What is true for heparin and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH)? 1) it can be used effectively and safely 2) regular laboratory examination is not necessary 3) can be used in fix dose 4) the effect can be checked with the determination of the prothrombin time (PT). A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct D) Only answer 4 is correct E) All of the answers are correct

Answer 111

ANSWER A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct EXPLANATION The effect of the heparin and LMWH can be checked with APTT (activated partial thromboplastin time) and thrombin time (TT) but not with prothrombin time (PT), because the PT can be used for coumarine derivates.

Question 112

FOG - 142 True for the treatment of the soft tissue injury on the face: 1) the layered wound closure is important (mucosa, muscle, skin) 2) include the wound toilette 3) if possible strive for the primary wound closure 4) dissolvable stitches are never used A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct D) Only answer 4 is correct E) All of the answers are correct

Answer 112

ANSWER A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct EXPLANATION If possible in the case of soft tissue injury in the head and neck are primary, layered wound closures are applicable due to functional and esthetic reasons. Drainage is needed if the wound is contaminated, The first step in the treatment is the wound toilet, tetanus prophylaxis if needed then wound closure. Giving antibiotics is necessary.

Question 113

FOG - 143 True for lower jaw (mandibula) fractures: 1) it can cause eye movement disturbance 2) disturbance in the occlusal plain may occur 3) comes with only a little pain 4) For proper diagnosis X-ray or CT is required A) Answers 1, 2 and 3 are correct B) Answers 1 and 3 are correct C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct D) Only answer 4 is correct E) All of the answers are correct

Answer 113

ANSWER C) Answers 2 and 4 are correct EXPLANATION The fracture of the lower jaw does not affect eye movements and comes with moderate or strong pain. The fracture of the lower jaw can cause occlusal discrepancy which can be the main diagnostic sign. The proper diagnosis X-ray or CT is required.

Question 114

FOG - 144 The wisdom tooth is not always visible in the dental arch in middle-aged patients, because the wisdom tooth is the last in eruption (breakthrough). A) both are correct, there is a causal relationship between them B) both are correct, but there is no causal relationship between them C) the first is correct in itself, but the second is wrong D) the first is wrong, the second is correct in itself E) both are wrong

Answer 114

ANSWER B) both are correct, but there is no causal relationship between them EXPLANATION The wisdom tooth is not always visible in the dental arch in middle-aged patients, the eruption ends in young adulthood. The missing wisdom tooth above 30 years old can be the reason for tooth extraction.

Question 115

FOG - 145 During pregnancy and lactation the NOAC treatment is not recommended, for thrombosis prophylaxis or in the case of deep vein thrombosis LMWH is recommended instead. A) both are correct, there is a causal relationship between them B) both are correct, but there is no causal relationship between them C) the first is correct in itself, but the second is wrong D) the first is wrong, the second is correct in itself E) both are wrong

Answer 115

ANSWER B) both are correct, but there is no causal relationship between them EXPLANATION The NOAC can transfer the placenta in pregnancy which can cause bleeding, and potential embryotoxicity so switching to LMWH is necessary.

Question 116

FOG - 146 Smoking increases the risk of oral cancer, so after a time every smoker will suffer from cancer A) both are correct, there is a causal relationship between them B) both are correct, but there is no causal relationship between them C) the first is correct in itself, but the second is wrong D) the first is wrong, the second is correct in itself E) both are wrong

Answer 116

ANSWER C) the first is correct in itself, but the second is wrong EXPLANATION Smoking and alcohol consumption are the main risk factors for oral cancers, but cancer does not always form in smokers.

Question 117

FOG - 147 Osteonecrosis of the jaw can form due to antiresorptive drugs, thus before these drugs are prescribed dental rehabilitation is very important. A) both are correct, there is a causal relationship between them B) both are correct, but there is no causal relationship between them C) the first is correct in itself, but the second is wrong D) the first is wrong, the second is correct in itself E) both are wrong

Answer 117

ANSWER A) both are correct, there is a causal relationship between them EXPLANATION The drug-related osteonecrosis of the jaw is a common complication in patients who did not go through oral rehabilitation before the drug was prescribed. Very hard to treat this disease so prevention (examination, rehabilitation) is very important.

Question 118

FOG - 148 If the patient is treated with A NOAC minimalinvasive treatment is recommended, thus dissolvable stitches and primary wound closure are essential. A) both are correct, there is a causal relationship between them B) both are correct, but there is no causal relationship between them C) the first is correct in itself, but the second is wrong D) the first is wrong, the second is correct in itself E) both are wrong

Answer 118

ANSWER A) both are correct, there is a causal relationship between them EXPLANATION The bleeding tendency is lower if the patient is treated with NOAC than TAI or coumarin derivative, but the chance of post-treatment bleeding needs to be minimalized.

Question 119

FOG-149-152 Match the following. A) Abscessus buccae (buccal abcess) B) Phlegmone (cellulitis) colli C) all of them D) none of them FOG - 149 - localized inflammation with a surrounded border FOG - 150 - Serious, life-threatening inflammation disease FOG - 151 - Ultrasound or CT is required for the diagnosis FOG - 152 - Surgical intervention is required

Answer 119

ANSWER FOG - 149 - localized inflammation with a surrounded border - A) FOG - 150 - Serious, life-threatening inflammation disease - B) FOG - 151 - Ultrasound or CT is required for the diagnosis - C) FOG - 152 - Surgical intervention is required - C)

Question 120

FOG-153-156 Match the following. A) NR value is set between 2-2.5 for medium thrombosis risk patients B) INR value is set between 2.5-3 for high thrombosis risk patients C) The INR does not need to set D) none of them FOG - 153 - Deep venous thrombosis FOG - 154 - Patients with artificial valve FOG - 155 - Patients treated with NOAC FOG - 156 - In the case of athletes

Answer 120

ANSWER FOG - 153 - Deep venous thrombosis - A) FOG - 154 - Patients with artificial valve - B) FOG - 155 - Patients treated with NOAC - C) FOG - 156 - In the case of athletes - D)